Topic name:- Increasing population in Mumbai
Sakshi kakad roll no. 27
1. Metabolism of Mumbai
Despite urban areas covering less than 1 of the world, they host over 50 of the world’s population. As population and human activities expand they exert heavy environmental pressure through the resource requirement, their production and consumption. Hence, it is important to understand the resource flows into the city, the transformations that take place and the resulting products and wastes. One method of measuring resource use efficiency is through the analysis of urban metabolism. It provides a good analytical framework for accounting of urban stocks and throughputs and helps understand critical processes as well (increasing or decreasing ground water resources, long-term impacts of hazardous construction materials, etc.). We have considered Mumbai, a business and industrial city, with a population of about 18 million, as a case study. It highlights the economic, social and environmental conditions of the city. On the input side, water, energy, food and construction material use are taken into account, and on the output side, wastewater, air pollution and municipal solid waste are examined. From the methodological point of view, it is easier to examine the input side but there are some difficulties from the output end. Similar difficulties can be found in the identification of built-in material stock (buildings, roads, etc.). The material stock is limited to building stock and passenger vehicle fleet. The concept of urban metabolism is put forth as an organizing concept for data collection, analysis, and synthesis on urban systems. The main findings and recommendations of the case study underpin efficient resource urban policy and design, as well as enhance sustainable production and consumption.
2. Churches of Greater Mumbai
Greater Mumbai is a mosaic of diverse languages, cultures and religions. Churches in Mumbai reflect the long association of Mumbai City and Salsette Island which comprise the present day Greater Mumbai. The churches of Greater Mumbai are relics of art, architecture and culture, as well as multi-lingual and religious tolerance. They enjoy a great history which dates back to the 16th century. With the coming of the Portuguese and British, the churches and their surrounding environment have undergone a spatial and temporal change to withstand the needs of the society with increasing population and prevalent intra-urban migration. The contributions of East Indians, Goans, Mangaloreans, Tamilians and Keralites to the progress and development of the Church in the area is immense. The present paper is an attempt to highlight the environmental history of the churches chronologically with sketches and maps. The study also analyses the geographical background and population composition in and around the churches. It brings out the emerging spatial pattern of churches in Greater Mumbai as well as the changes that have taken place over a period of time. Moreover, the paper describes the contribution of sociofugal and sociopetal forces for generating the socio-environmental scenario in the contemporary spatial framework.
3. Land surface temperature in Mumbai city
Land transformation as a result of unprecedented urbanization has introduced changes in local climate and surface energy budget. Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor influencing local climate and ecology. Mumbai being second largest populated city is experiencing significant changes in land use/land cover (LULC) and surface energy fluxes. Hence, the main objective of the study is to assess the spatial variation in land surface temperature due to land use/land cover change. Several indices like; Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and normalized difference built up index (NDBI) were derived to validate the spatial variability of LST in different land use/land cover classes. The study utilized Landsat5/TM and Landsat8/TIRS data for assessing land transformation and its relation with LST in Mumbai city. January, June and October months of three time series 1990, 2000 and 2015 were chosen as representative of three seasons to analyze variation in LST. Pixel to pixel overlay analysis for different indices and LST was carried out to examine the relation of LST with different indices. The study revealed the maximum change in LST was recorded during the month of June
4.Sustainable production of solar electricity
Fossil fuel reserves are diminishing rapidly across the world, intensifying the stress on existing reserves day-by-day due to increased demand. Not only that, fossil fuels, presently contributing to 80% of world primary energy, are inflicting enormous impacts on environment. Climatic changes driven by human activities, in particular the production of greenhouse gas emissions, directly impact the environment. Energy sector has a key role in this regard since energy during its production, distribution and consumption is responsible for producing environmentally harmful substances. A secure and accessible supply of energy is thus very crucial for the sustainability of modern societies. There is an urgent need for a quicker switch over of energy systems from conventional to renewables that are sustainable and can meet the present and projected world energy demand. Solar power is one of the most promising renewables. It is reliable and less vulnerable to changes in seasonal weather patterns. Hydrogen, in the capacity of energy vector, is expected to be the optimum solution for intermittency and storage of energy produced by renewables. Thus, coupled with hydrogen as an energy carrier, solar energy has a large potential to become the fuel of the future. The present study is aimed to explore such potential for India in 2025. India is expected to have a high growth rate in energy demand over the coming years due to its huge population and rapid economic development. By the year 2020, the country’s demand for commercial energy is expected to increase by a factor of 2.5. Presently, more than 90% of the energy demand is met by fossil fuels, in spite of the fact that India has limited fossil fuel resources as compared to global reserves. By the year 2020, India, presently the world’s sixth largest energy consumer, is expected to meet 75% of its oil and gas needs by imports. Being an energy deficient country, it has not been able to keep up with demand, leading to power shortages and supply interruptions. The growing gap between the demand and supply of energy, and environmental externalities associated with fossil fuel require immediate and substantial increases in electric power generation and transmission capacities, and exploitation of new avenues of energy supply that are more stable and environment friendly. The geographic location of India makes it a strong
5. Perception Study Of E-Governance
The role of IT industry has gained substantial importance in every sector of the society. Similarly, the role of IT in Government is finally being acknowledged by all strata and segments of the society. E-Governance has assumed greater importance in terms of providing a result and delivery of services at the door-step. The importance is such that it helps in improving the overall quality of life of the population in that state. E-Governance has also brought in a lot of transparency and ease, streamlining the entire process through a single window. It has also reduced a lot of time and corruption as the applications are made digitally or online. There are many opportunities and challenges that a state can
face while implementing and executing E-Governance. In this research paper, we intend to study the perception that people have about E-governance and about how effective its services are. Also, we intend to find the areas that the Government could work upon for increasing the awareness and usage of E-Governance services in the cities of Thane, Mumbai and Navi Mumbai.
6. Interoperable High-Speed Rail System
Integrated interoperable rail systems facilitate high-speed rail (HSR) train movement on conventional intercity lines, and vice versa. Hence, for such rail systems, it is preferred that HSR stations are located at existing intercity rail stations. However, all existing intercity stations may not satisfy the ridership potential and inter-station spacing required for HSR operation. Providing more stations increases access to intermediate locations, boosting ridership, but also increases overall travel time. On the contrary, fewer stations and stops reduce overall ridership of the HSR. We propose a geographic information system-based interoperable HSR station location identification approach along existing intercity rail stations to identify suitable integrated interoperable HSR and intercity station locations. Avoiding environmentally sensitive land (such as wetlands, forests, etc.), and other requirements such as threshold inter-station distance and travel time between intended station locations and threshold population of the intended station region, are included as environmental, and corridor specific constraints, respectively. A heuristic approach is used to evaluate and obtain the candidate set of station locations that maximizes ridership and minimizes travel time, such that an integrated interoperable HSR and intercity corridor can be developed. The Mumbai–Ahmedabad conventional intercity corridor is used as a case study to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model by identifying possible HSR station locations.
7.Disposal of Solid waste in Mumbai.
The solid waste in all municipal corporations is rising in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Such rise in solid waste generation is observed in Brihanmumbai, Thane, Mira-Bhayandar, Kalyan-Dombivali, Ulhasnagar, Navi-Mumbai and Bhiwand-Nizampur Municipal Corporation. An increase in solid waste is observed because of increase in urbanization, population density and income, changing food habits, taste and pattern. The growth of industry, commercial units such as hotels, theaters, restaurants, malls are rising fast. Such units are positively contributing to the solid waste generation. Solid waste collection, segregation and disposal capacity of Municipal Corporations is low and inadequate with rising solid waste.Therefore municipal corporations must adopt scientific methods for collection, segregation and disposal of solid waste. Municipal corporations must accommodate private sector for investment and management of solid waste. Urgent steps in this direction will reduce the water, air, soil pollutions and health hazards. It will improve the quality life of people in Mumbai Metropolitan Region.
8.Flood Risks, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Benefits in Mumbai
Managing risks from extreme events will be a crucial component of climate change adaptation. In this study, we demonstrate an approach to assess future risks and quantify the benefits of adaptation options at a city-scale, with application to flood risk in Mumbai. In 2005, Mumbai experienced unprecedented flooding, causing direct economic damages estimated at almost two billion USD and 500 fatalities. Our findings suggest that by the 2080s, in a SRES A2 scenario, an ‘upper bound’ climate scenario could see the likelihood of a 2005-like event more than double. We estimate that total losses (direct plus indirect) associated with a 1-in-100 year event could triple compared with current situation (to $690 – $1890 million USD), due to climate change alone. Continued rapid urbanisation could further increase the risk level. Moreover, a survey on the consequences of the 2005 floods on the marginalized population reveals the special vulnerability of the poorest, which is not apparent when looking only through a window of quantitative analysis and aggregate figures. For instance, the survey suggests that total losses to the marginalized population from the 2005 floods could lie around $250 million, which represents a limited share of total losses but a large shock for poor households. The analysis also demonstrates that adaptation could significantly reduce future losses; for example, estimates suggest that by improving the drainage system in Mumbai, losses associated with a 1-in-100 year flood event today could be reduced by as much as 70%. We show that assessing the indirect costs of extreme events is an important component of an adaptation assessment, both in ensuring the analysis captures the full economic benefits of adaptation and also identifying options that can help to manage indirect risks of disasters. For example, we show that by extending insurance to 100% penetration, the indirect effects of flooding could be almost halved. As shown by the survey, the marginalized population has little access to financial support in disaster aftermaths, and targeting this population could make the benefits of such measures even larger. While this study explores only the upper-bound climate scenario and is insufficient to design an adaptation strategy, it does demonstrate the value of risk-assessment as an important quantitative tool in developing city-scale adaptation strategies. We conclude with a discussion of sources of uncertainty, and of risk-based tools that could be linked with decision-making approaches to inform adaptation plans that are robust to climate change.
9. The welfare effects of slum improvement programs
He authors compare the welfare effects of in situ slum upgrading programs with programs that provide slum dwellers with better housing in a new location. Evaluating the welfare effects of slum upgrading and resettlement programs requires estimating models of residential location choice, in which households trade off commuting costs against the cost and attributes of the housing they consume, including neighborhood attributes. The authors accomplish this using data for 5,000 households in Mumbai, a city in which 40 percent of the population live in slums. The precise welfare effects of resettlement programs depend on assumptions made about the ease with which workers can change jobs and also on the ethnic characteristics of neighborhoods in which new housing is located. To illustrate this point the authors consider a realistic slum upgrading program that could be offered to residents in their sample living in east Mumbai. They summarize the effects of job opportunities and neighborhood composition on welfare by mapping how compensating variation for the program changes depending on where in Mumbai improved housing is located. If program beneficiaries continue working in their original job, the set of welfare-enhancing locations for the upgrading program is small. The set increases greatly if it is assumed that workers can change jobs. The benefits of this program are contrasted with the benefits of in situ housing improvements.
10.Managing human leopard interaction
Human–wildlife interactions are an everyday reality in India. Managing any potential human–wildlife conflict is one of the most important tasks of the Indian government. As urban construction grows exponentially, many cities have come closer to forested areas and increased sightings of wildlife. Mumbai is located close to Sanjay Gandhi National Park, a 120 square kilometre wildlife zone which is home to approximately 40 leopards. Over the years, there have been sporadic incidents of human – leopard conflicts and a few humans have died in fatal leopard attacks. This case study follows a hypothetical Chief Wildlife Warden in Mumbai as a decision maker who must make a decision regarding leopard sightings after a spate of leopard attacks in the city earlier in the year. By providing detailed information and data regarding leopard population management as well as the cultural milieu and political context of Mumbai, the case study provides information required to advise the decision maker on their.
11. Overall Summary
There is an urgent need for a quicker switch over of energy systems from conventional to renewables that are sustainable and can meet the present and projected world energy demand. We propose a geographic information system-based interoperable HSR station location identification approach along existing intercity rail stations to identify suitable integrated interoperable HSR and intercity station locations. For instance, the survey suggests that total losses to the marginalized population from the 2005 floods could lie around $250 million, which represents a limited share of total losses but a large shock for poor households. the main objective of the study is to assess the spatial variation in land surface temperature due to land use/land cover change. municipal corporations must adopt scientific methods for collection, segregation and disposal of solid waste. Municipal corporations must accommodate private sector for investment and management of solid waste.
References:
1.B. Sudhakara Reddy, 2013. “Metabolism of Mumbai – Expectations, impasse and the need for new begining,” Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2013-002, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
2.Braganza Charlotte & Mukherji Dipti, 2013. “Churches of Greater Mumbai – a physio-cultural appraisal,” Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, Sciendo, vol. 21(21), pages 31-40, September.
3.Mehebub Sahana & Shyamal Dutta & Haroon Sajjad, 2019. “Assessing land transformation and its relation with land surface temperature in Mumbai city, India using geospatial techniques,” International Journal of Urban Sciences, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(2), pages 205-225, April.
4.Muneer, Tariq & Asif, Muhammad & Munawwar, Saima, 2005. “Sustainable production of solar electricity with particular reference to the Indian economy,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 9(5), pages 444-473, October.
5.Parag AMIN & Aiswaria VAIDHYANATHAN & Neha MUDLIAR & Akshay PIMPALE & Aadish SHINDE, 2017. “Perception Study Of E-Governance In The Cities Of Thane, Mumbai And Navi Mumbai In Maharashtra State (India),” Scientific Bulletin – Economic Sciences, University of Pitesti, vol. 16(3), pages 162-171.
6.Roy, Sandeepan & Maji, Avijit, 2019. “A Station Location Identification Model for an Integrated Interoperable High-Speed Rail System,” ADBI Working Papers 956, Asian Development Bank Institute.
7.Sanjay RODE, 2011. “Public Private Partnership In Solid Waste Management In Municipal Corporations Of Mumbai Metropolitan,” Management Research and Practice, Research Centre in Public Administration and Public Services, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 3(4), pages 23-38, December.
8.Stéphane Hallegatte & Nicola Ranger & Sumana Bhattacharya & Murthy Bachu & Satya Priya & K. Dhore & Farhat Rafique & P. Mathur & Nicolas Naville & Fanny Henriet & Anand Patwardhan & K. Narayanan & Sub, 2010. “Flood Risks, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Benefits in Mumbai: An Initial Assessment of Socio-Economic Consequences of Present and Climate Change Induced Flood Risks and of Possible Adaptation,” OECD Environment Working Papers 27, OECD Publishing.
9.Takeuchi, Akie & Cropper, Maureen & Bento, Antonio, 2006. “The welfare effects of slum improvement programs : the case of Mumbai,” Policy Research Working Paper Series 3852, The World Bank.
10.Vikas, M. & Athreya, Vidya & Limaye, Sunil, 2022. “Changing a leopard’s spots or how people spot leopards? Managing human – leopard interactions in urban India,” World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 26(C)
