Biodiversity

Biodiversity

Author: Sakshi Kadam

 

  • Performance of Biodiversity offset Markets

SIMPSON, K. H. et al. (2024) states that biodiversity offsetting in the market context involves compensating for biodiversity loss through conservation or restoration projects. Its performance can vary depending on factors like quality of offset projects, monitoring, enforcement and stakeholder engagement. Markets are created when buyers and sellers of offset credits interact with others through a trading process. They creates a setting in which landowners can choose to manage land for conservation, generating offset credits that can be sold to a developer who is required to mitigate development effects on some measure of biodiversity. Such trades can be facilitated by an offset bank, which collects offers from sellers and makes them available to potential buyers. By establishing an appropriate exchange rate between sellers and buyers, markets can, achieve no net loss of biodiversity in some defined area at least cost. Creating economic incentives for conservation, market mechanisms such as markets for offsets encourage private landowners and firms to take costly actions that benefit biodiversity. Spatially explicit biodiversity offset supply and demand curves are constructed using integrated ecological-economic modeling in an application of this conceptual framework. These supply and demand curves capture the spatial variations in the costs of supplying biodiversity offsets. This spatial variation depends on the relative value of land for agriculture and the value of new housing developments across the landscape. Challenges such as additionally and difficulty in accurately measuring biodiversity outcomes can impact effectiveness. Ongoing evaluation and adaptation are crucial for improving the efficacy of biodiversity offset markets.

 

  • Insurance Device

AUGERAUD-VÉRON et al (2024) biodiversity destruction negatively impacts the climatic, hydrological, and more generally the ecological environment, which may in turn negatively affect the mean level and/or the variability of agricultural productivity over time. Biodiversity bonds raise funds for conservation or restoration projects. Investors receive returns based on the success of these projects in achieving biodiversity targets. Aversion to intertemporal fluctuations, like the inverse of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution, measures the propensity to smooth consumption over time, and is a fundamental parameter in deterministic dynamic models as well. In typical endogenous growth models when the growth rate is positive, aversion to intertemporal fluctuations takes the form of to increase the level of consumption at the expense of its growth rate. Several studies in the field of willingness natural resources and the environment show that these two concepts cannot satisfyingly be embodied in a single parameter as when intertemporal additive expected utility is been considered. Species banking involves the creation and trading of credits based on the protection or enhancement of specific species or habitats. Developers or companies can purchase credits to offset their impacts on biodiversity.

  • Intergovernmental science policy and ecosystem services

HEUBACH, K. LAMBINI, C. K. (2024) they focuses on the development and implementation of policies aimed at conserving and sustainably managing the earth’s biodiversity through collaboration among government at various levels. The reason behind is that biodiversity and ecosystem services are considered typical boundary objects dealt with by a great plurality of different scientific disciplines and knowledge systems, including their underlying worldviews and often dynamic values. Governments collaborate through international agreements and conventions, such as the convention on biological diversity (CBD), to set goals, targets and action plans for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. It provides framework for countries to work together to conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable development and ensure the equalities sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources. Guideline to embrace an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach, including social and natural sciences, and striving for gender and regional balance. They discuss on the societal actors outside the academic world: improving the involvement of appropriate stakeholders at all assessment stages would be a valuable contribution to developing and communicating key messages and increasing a sense of ownership and understanding. Initiatives support capacity building and technology transfer to enhance countries abilities to conserve biodiversity effectively. They includes providing training, technical assistance and financial support to developing countries to strengthen their scientific and institutional capacities for biodiversity and management.

 

  • Action plans towards local sustainable development

CIL, A. JONES-WALTERS, L (2024) they discuss on the engage local communities conservation efforts by involving them in decision making processes, supporting traditional ecological knowledge and fostering stewardship of natural resources. Community based conservation approaches empower local people to take ownership of conservation initiatives and ensure that conservation efforts align with their needs and prioritize. Biodiversity is the resource upon which families, communities, nations and future generations depends. The critical role of local biodiversity action plans lies in reaching all actors in the field from scientific to non-scientific sectors and including participation, communication, awareness-raising and pro-biodiversity business opportunities for better ecosystem conservation. Local communities, scientific and non-scientific experts developed action plans in a process involving stakeholder participation, communication and awareness-raising, identification in business opportunities and the development of partnerships and ecosystem conservation. Sustainable agriculture practice such as agroforestry, organic farming and integrated pest management that enhance biodiversity while improving soil health and productivity. Natural and semi-natural ecosystems provide a number of basic functions that are essential for the sustainable use of the Earth’s resources. They include provision in the form of harvestable products such as food, drinking water and raw materials; regulating functions such as carbon and waste treatment or slowing the passage of water; cultural services which directly affect people; and habitat or supporting services that are needed to maintain other, and include genetic diversity and maintenance of animal life cycles.

 

 

  • Conflict and choices in biodiversity preservation

METRICK, A. WEITZMAN, M. L (2024) utility of a species, distinctiveness of a species from other species; increase in survivability of a species following a conservation plan, cost of enhancing survivability, they play a role in biodiversity preservation. Number of actual empirical bureaucratic variables that have been gathered and catalogued as a result of the endangered Species and its amendments. Journey of a species towards protected status begins when some individual or organization, public or private, suggests formally to the fish and wildlife service, that a species should be listed under the endangered species. Species has been nominated, the fish and wildlife service it is called as scientific sources, both internal and external to the organization, to determine whether the species is a viable candidate for protection. Virtual species are listed which are listed the protect from harm and have recovery plans they are also eligible for public spending o their recovery. Recovery of species conflicts with other public and private development plans, serve as tiebreaker among species having same priority, with those species in conflict with development receiving the advantages.

 

  • Biodiversity and extractive industry: Innovative practices and remaining challenges

GRIGG, A (2024) they discuss on how participation can act to differentiate the company involved from its competitors, provide a platform for dialogue with key stakeholders and enable early action on issues that might be governed by less flexible legal frameworks. It also provides an avenue for action where regulation is not yet in place and can inform the development of a more effective regulatory rule over time. There are some concerns as such approaches may result in a weaker legislative environment and overall results are to process focused and play a minimum role in stimulating improved performance. There main focus is on to improve the performance of the industry on biodiversity conservation, enhance the industry’s positive contribution to biodiversity and to raise mutual awareness and understanding between the conservation community and the mining industry. It enables the collaborative development and constructive critique of ICMM’s work on biodiversity. In case of the best-practice frameworks, it is soon to determine that they impact on there sector. Asset manager investment and flora and fauna took the benchmark of 26 oil and gas and mining companies against: standards of best practice in biodiversity management, policy and strategy, management and implementation, assurance and monitoring. Rio Tinto’s strategy criticised that number of front for lacking specific measurable targets and for being aspirational goal by its nature, impossible to meet.

 

  • Biodiversity management: a Current Trace of the African Diaspora

MORENO-ZAPATA, P (2024) globalization is a process of high and accelerated interconnection of different areas of contemporary life, has integrated diverse actors and common causes, while at the same time influencing historical processes in different corners of the world. The interrelationship between global issues, such as ethnicity, gender, development, and environmental concerns has accelerated the emergence of a growing network of interest and solidarity groups. Contemporary recognition of forced migration from Africa, particularly for the purpose of subjection, throughout the world. In regard of the author, historical background is the point of reference relating to the challenges faced by the global African Diaspora community to actively participate in the process of globalization. This community is directly affected by major global issues such as poverty and environmental depletion. The social crisis has been the main concern of most African-descendants, regardless of their location. Ethnicity life role are constructed on the dependency of natural resources in order to survive physical and spiritual approaches. Women’s are responsible for biodiversity. Competitive advantage has impact on development gives equal benefit for local communities, determination of communities and not spectators of decision making process on biodiversity.

 

  • Diversity of mangrove ecosystem resource

RAMANAN, C. (2024) the increasing utilization of the mangroves in coastal area fisheries, in the production of low-lying coastal lands of wood, besides interface zone between the land and sea have led to an increasing interest in recent years on mangrove ecology emphasis on aspect of productivity. Mangroves refer to woody species of land trees or glasswort or bushes. Mangroves show distinct zonation by the presence of particular flora with every zone having a genus, and the zonation is dependent on the salinity, soil and periodicity of inundation. The quality of soil in the mangrove areas depend on the source of their alluvium, mostly brought down by rivers. When alluvium deposited in any estuary or mangrove area undergoes a series of biological processes involving a number of organisms and the breakdown of alkalinity into the soil increases. Mangroves act as natural buffers against coastal erosion, storm and tsunamis by reducing impact of waves and stabilizing shorelines. Species also tolerate pollution including heavy metals such as lead, mercury and chromium. People has benefit from variety of goods and services by mangroves, like fisheries and forest products, clean water and protection against erosion and extreme weather events. Mangrove can mitigate the impacts of climate change by providing coastal buffers, sequestering carbon, and adapting and helps communities with effects of climate related disasters.

 

  • Biodiversity and economic land use

COLE, et al. (2024) provide valuable ecosystem services that contribute to economic activities. Services such as pollination, water purification, climate regulation, and pest control have direct economic benefits for agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and other industries. Global biodiversity declining rapidly, with current rates of 1,000 times greater than the background rate of extinction that would occur in the absence of human influence. They focus on the impact of urbanization or agriculture but rarely both, with the majority of studies suggesting a negative relationship between agriculture or urbanization and biodiversity. Agriculture is major economic land use that have both positive and negative effects on biodiversity. Intensive monoculture farming can lead to habitat loss, soil degradation and pesticide pollution, reducing biodiversity. Sustainable agriculture practices such as agroforestry, organic farming and conservations agriculture can enhance biodiversity by preserving habitats, promoting soil health and minimizing chemical inputs. Urbanization is well planned urban design and green infrastructure initiatives can help to impact on incorporating green spaces, parks and wildlife into urban environment. Phylogenetic or evolutionary distinctiveness is an important consideration when assessing biodiversity, since the loss of an evolutionarily distinct single species may represent a greater loss of biodiversity than the loss of many species that are closely related to one or more surviving ones. It has many management and protection measures and available tools for use of national, regional and global scales to help sustainable future of mangrove.

 

  • Assessing the risk of invasive spread in fragmented landscapes

WITH, K. A (2024) fragmentation disrupts the connectivity between natural habitats, hindering the movement of native species and facilitating the spread of invasive species. Species may become fragmented or disappear altogether, creating barriers to natural migration and increasing the likelihood of invasive species establishment. Exotic species to a landscape generally results from the intentional or accidental introduction by humans, which involves geographic barrier, landscape structure may still affect introduction if it governs human land-use activities and enhances the probability of introduction. Neutral landscapes were first presented as a null model of landscape patterns are expected in the absence of any organizing or formative process that typically gives rise to landscape pattern, by assuming a random distribution of land cover or land use. Complex landscape generates the gradient across over the habitat availability and fragmentation severity. Because many invasive species, such as exotic plants, spread through disturbed areas where native habitat which cleared and the available habitat for these species is represented by the distribution of disturbances in space. Natural disturbance regimes such as fire, flooding or pest outbreaks, creating opportunities for invasive species to thrive. Invasive species may be more resilient to altered disturbance regimes than native species, allow them to replace native vegetation and disrupt ecosystem processes. Invasive spread is round about >50% of percolation across of landscape.

 

Conclusion

Summary tells that the performance of biodiversity offset markets is a complex and evolving issue that requires consideration of various factors. Insurance device lies in its ability to enhance the resilience, adaptability and sustainability of ecosystem and human societies in the face of environmental change and uncertainty. It’s an long-term factor and well-being of both current and future generation. Intergovernmental science policy and ecosystem services plays vital role for coordinating global efforts to conserve and sustainably manage Earth’s natural resources. Biodiversity action plans represent a powerful pathway towards local sustainable development. Conflicts and choices in biodiversity preservation are inevitable, they also present opportunities for innovation, collaboration and transformative change. It gives the way for a more sustainable and harmonious coexistence between human society and natural world. Effective biodiversity management within the context of the current trade of the African diaspora requires a multi-dimensional approach that addresses historical injustices, promotes sustainable economic development and fosters collaboration among diverse stakeholders. Safeguarding the diversity of mangrove ecosystem resources requires conservation measures which prioritize the protection and restoration of mangrove habitats, sustainable management practices, community engagement and empowerment, policy development and enforcement and collaboration among stakeholders. Biodiversity and economic land use are inherently interconnected. Short-term economic gains from land exploitation may come at the expense of long-term stability. Balance between biodiversity conservation and economic land use is essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of ecosystems and human societies. Fragmented landscapes, impacts may be exacerbated by limited dispersal opportunities for native species and reduced resilience of ecosystems to invasive species incursion. It requires comprehensive and proactive approach that integrate ecological principles with socio-economic consideration.

 

Reference

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