MARRIAGE
Sakshi Deepak Lokhande ,MMS Batch “A”
(Roll no. 0222032)
UNDERSTANDING YOUNG WOMEN’S MARRIAGE DECISIONS: THE ROLE OF LABOR AND MARRIAGE MARKET CONDITIONS
BLAU, F. D., et al. (2000),says that economic factors like the labour market can have an impact on young women’s marriage decisions. According to the article, women may decide to put off getting married if they think that remaining single will give them better financial possibilities.
According to data from a poll of American young women, those who discover greater employment possibilities had a lesser likelihood of getting married. This shows that women strategically decide when to get married based on their future financial possibilities.
In the article, it is stated that while addressing young women’s marriage decisions, economic concerns must be taken into account. Policymakers and researchers can make better decisions by taking the labour market and the economy into account.
MALE/FEMALE EARNINGS DIFFERENCES IN SELF-EMPLOYMENT: THE EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE, CHILDREN, AND THE HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF LABOR
HUNDLEY, G. (2023),says that the effects of marriage, having children, and the sharing of household duties are the main causes of the wage disparity between men and women who work for themselves.
Even after accounting for things like education and experience, it shows that married women with children likely to earn less than males do when working for themselves. Women who shoulder certain obligations may find it more difficult to make money since they have less time to devote to their businesses or jobs. This can prevent them from making more money. Thus, individuals might have fewer chances to better their financial status, which might have an impact on their likelihood of getting married.
The article also claims that the distribution of home labour affects the gender wage difference. Women who shoulder a greater proportion of household duties and child care typically devote less time and effort to their enterprises, which can have an impact on their income.
The article’s overall thesis is that changing underlying societal norms and expectations around gender roles and duties is necessary to close the gender wage gap in self-employment. Policies that promote accessible childcare, adaptable work schedules, and a more equitable sharing of family duties may help close the pay gap between men and women who work for themselves.
UNEMPOYMENT, MARRIAGE, AND DIVORCE
GONZLEZ-VAL and MARCÉN (2018),says that there are connections between divorce, marriage, and unemployment. It examines how financial stress and instability can cause relationships to become tense, which can have a detrimental impact on marriages and raise the likelihood of divorce.
The piece also examines studies that indicates single people are less likely to marry because they are worried about their ability to support a family. The article’s conclusion makes the case that initiatives aimed at lowering unemployment can benefit not just the economy but also families and interpersonal bonds.
FAMILY INEQUALITY: DIVERGING PATTERNS IN MARRIAGE, COHABITION, AND CHILDBEARING
LUNDBERG, S. et al. (2016),says that family patterns have changed over time in the United States. Others, with less education and poorer money, are more likely to have children outside of marriage, whilst some groups, such as those with college degrees, are more likely to get married and have children within marriage.
Therefore, there is a connection between income disparity and economic insecurity and this divide in family arrangements. The paper emphasises how these tendencies offer recommendations for family stability, children’s well-being, and social and economic mobility.
MARRIAGE EQUALITY AND THE NEW PARENTHOOD
NEJAIME, D. (2016), says that marital equality has an impact on new types of motherhood. More same-sex couples can now start families and have kids because same-sex marriage is now legal in many nations, including the US.
The article discusses the difficulties that same-sex couples encounter as parents, including discrimination and legal restrictions, as well as how they are modernising long-held notions of the family. The article also covers the use of assisted reproductive technologies such in vitro fertilisation and how marriage equality has led to a rise in same-sex adoption.
In general, the essay emphasises how important marriage equality is for establishing equality for all people and families, regardless of sexual orientation.
WAR, MARRIAGE MARKETS, AND THE SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
BETHMANN and KVASNICKA (2014),says that conflict has an effect on the sex ratio at birth and marriage markets. Due to mortality, migration, or conscription, war can result in a scarcity of men, which alters the ratio of men to women in society. The marriage market may be impacted by this imbalance since there may be more males than women, or vice versa, which may shift social norms and behaviours.
The article describes how conflict can lead to an increase in female infanticide and sex-selective abortion because couples may choose to have sons in environments where men are scarce. The article also examines how women’s vulnerability to sexual abuse and their engagement in the labour force as well as economic prospects can be impacted by war. The article’s overall message emphasises the complicated effects of war on countries and people, particularly in terms of gender dynamics and marriage customs.
WHRER HAVE ALL THE BRIDES GONE? SON PREFERANCE AND MARRIAGE IN INDIA OVER THE TWENTIETH
GUPTA, B. (2014),says that the influence of son desire on marriage trends in India over the 20th century. The cultural preference for male children over female children, which can result in prejudice towards women and girls, is known as the son preference.
The article suggests how son preference has contributed to a shortage of brides in some regions of India, particularly in the north, where the practice of dowry is common. Finding acceptable partners for their daughters can be challenging for families with girls when there is dowry, which is the transfer of money or goods by the bride’s family to the groom’s family.
The article also examines how shifts in social norms and economic circumstances over time have impacted marriage patterns with regard to the age at marriage and level of educational attainment. The article’s main points include the difficulties experienced by women in societies where son preference is fixed, as well as the intricate interactions between culture, economics, and gender that shape marriage patterns in India.
OPTIMAL DYNAMIC PATH OF EFFORT ON MARRIAGE ; DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARRANGED AND LOVE MARRIAGES
LIU, X. (2007),says that planned weddings and love marriages have different optimal dynamic paths for effort in marriage. The best approach to devote time and effort to a marriage in order to maximise its potential for success over the long term is known as the optimal dynamic path of effort.
The article explains how arranged weddings, which are still prevalent in many parts of the world, include someone attempting to match up two single people or family members choosing a partner for a person. On the other side, people who choose their mates primarily on romantic attraction are involved in love marriages. According to the article, the best dynamic path for effort in marriage differs depending on whether it is an arranged marriage or a love marriage. Arranged marriages demand more work to build trust and cooperation between the partners, whereas love marriages may need more work over time to maintain the romantic connection. The study also examines how social support and cultural norms may influence the best course of action in both types of marriages. Overall, the article emphasises how crucial it is to comprehend the distinctive dynamics of various types of marriages in order to make wise investing decisions.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY IN COHABITING UNIONS ON MARRIAGE IN CANADA,THE NETHERLANDS,AND LATVIA ARTICLE
MILLS and TROVATO (2001), says that marriage rates in Canada, the Netherlands, and Latvia are impacted by pregnancy in cohabiting couples. The term “cohabitation” describes relationships between unmarried individuals. In nations where marriage is still seen as a societal standard, the article examines how pregnancy can spur a couple to get married.
According to the article, cohabiting couples’ chances of getting pregnant increased in all three nations, but the effect was larger in Canada and the Netherlands than in Latvia. The essay also looks at how cultural and policy aspects, such as whether cohabiting couples can have legal recognition, can influence whether a couple decides to get married. . Overall, the study emphasises how societal norms, personal choices, and legal and regulatory frameworks interact in diverse ways to influence marriage trends in various nations.
THE VALUE OF MARRIAGE TO FAMILY FIRMS
BUNKANWANICHA, P. et al. (2013),says that marriages between relatives of the controlling shareholder might be advantageous for family enterprises. This forges ties between the families that may lead to the sharing of knowledge and resources and promote collaborations amongst family-run businesses. For businesses that depend on private information, this may be advantageous.
According to the article, established families’ tastes have an impact on the behaviour and policies of family enterprises. Additionally, the success of family enterprises depends on special assets including managerial and entrepreneurial abilities, connections to suppliers and customers, and even the family members themselves.
Overall, this study emphasises how crucial it is to comprehend how families influence corporate strategies and the performance of family-owned enterprises.
CONCLUSION
In the research articles mentioned above, several facets of marriage are discussed along with how they relate to economic factors, gender roles, and societal standards. It is also advised that women use economic vision to make strategic decisions about when to get married. It discusses how factors like job prospects might influence young women’s decisions to put off getting married as well as how factors like marriage, having children, and the distribution of home duties affect the pay difference between men and women who work for themselves. The article explores how unemployment can have a detrimental effect on marriages and raise the likelihood of divorce. Additionally, one of the publications investigates the relationship between family dynamics, income disparity, and financial instability. Also article discusses how war can affect marriage markets and the sex ratio at birth and how it affects the balance between the number of men and women in a society. It also discusses the impact of marriage equality on new forms of parenthood, how same-sex marriage functions in many countries, and challenges that same-sex couples face when it comes to parenthood. One of the studies explores how son choice affects Indian marital patterns. Indian marriage trends and the difficulties women in society confront in terms of cultural preferences, dowry issues, and age issues. It demonstrates the complexity of factors influencing marital patterns and decisions as well as the significance of taking economic, social, and cultural aspects into account. The distinction between a love marriage and an arrange marriage, as well as how social support and cultural standards impact both types of marriage, are discussed in another article. While one research examines how pregnancy in cohabiting relationships affects marriage rates in Canada, the Netherlands, and Latvia, it also discusses how pregnancy increased the likelihood of marriage in all three nations with the influence of cultural and policy issues. Lastly, one article highlights how family businesses can benefit from marriages between family members of the controlling shareholder and how it helps in the exchange of resources, information, and business partnerships. Overall marriage has both positive and negative impacts in different ways but at the same time, it is complex and simplified.
REFERENCES
BETHMANN, D.; KVASNICKA, M (2014). War, Marriage Markets, and the Sex Ratio at Birth. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, [s. l.], v. 116, n. 3, p. 859–877, 2014. DOI 10.1111/sjoe.12065. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=19e1f29e-1b58-3f14-9979-fda7866d6b93. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
BUNKANWANICHA, P.; FAN, J. P. H.; WIWATTANAKANTANG, Y. (2013) The Value of Marriage to Family Firms. Journal of Financial & Quantitative Analysis, [s. l.], v. 48, n. 2, p. 611–636, 2013. DOI 10.1017/S0022109013000148. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=4444a003-143a-3544-8697-5ab19c6b05bd. Acesso em: 8 maio. 2023.
GONZÁLEZ-VAL, R.; MARCÉN, M. (2018) Unemployment, marriage and divorce. Applied Economics, [s. l.], v. 50, n. 13, p. 1495–1508, 2018. DOI 10.1080/00036846.2017.1366642. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=56fb946f-2eff-3076-96e4-3bc351d437ef. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
GUPTA, B. (2014) Where have all the brides gone? Son preference and marriage in India over the twentieth century. Economic History Review, [s. l.], v. 67, n. 1, p. 1–24, 2014. DOI 10.1111/1468-0289.12011. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=7e4886c2-6190-386f-81db-8a8a42ba4ccb. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=ea438c26-e419-3a11-befd-3137fc65422f. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
HUNDLEY, G. (2000) Male/Female Earnings Differences in Self-Employment: The Effects of Marriage, Children, and the Household Division of Labor. ILR Review, [s. l.], v. 54, n. 1, p. 95–114, 2000. DOI 10.1177/001979390005400106. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=861abb3d-f403-3544-ae6f-9b6c992c799c. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
LIU, X. (2007) Optimal dynamic path of effort on marriage: differences between arranged and love marriages. Applied Economics Letters, [s. l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 49–52, 2007. DOI 10.1080/13504850500425691. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=b0d59e27-2ba3-3ab0-a81a-b94c5bf397db. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
LUNDBERG, S.; POLLAK, R. A.; STEARNS, J. (2016) Family Inequality: Diverging Patterns in Marriage, Cohabitation, and Childbearing^^†^^. Journal of Economic Perspectives, [s. l.], v. 30, n. 2, p. 79–102, 2016. DOI 10.1257/jep.30.2.79. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=058048f1-bb3e-3a00-a100-679542de86a9. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
MILLS, M.; TROVATO, F. (2001) The effect of pregnancy in cohabiting unions on marriage in Canada, the Netherlands, and Latvia. Statistical Journal of the UN Economic Commission for Europe, [s. l.], v. 18, n. 1, p. 103, 2001. DOI 10.3233/sju-2001-18107. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=848186c5-3612-3507-9678-451c90b18063. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
NEJAIME, D. (2016) Marriage Equality and the New Parenthood. Harvard Law Review, [s. l.], v. 129, n. 5, p. 1186–1266, 2016. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=acc171d1-3a8b-30d3-b7d7-dc149e734296. Acesso em: 7 maio. 2023.
Role of Labor and Marriage Market Conditions. ILR Review, [s. l.], v. 53, n. 4, p. 624–647, 2000. DOI BLAU, F. D.; KAHN, L. M.; WALDFOGEL, J.(2000) Understanding Young Women’s Marriage Decisions: The 10.1177/001979390005300404. Disponível em