Title: Poverty in India
Author: Rutuja Ganesh Gavane
Literature Review
Analysis of Poverty, Openness and Literacy in India
Prusty, Sadananda (2009) states the interplay between poverty, trade openness, and literacy in India. Through a quantitative analysis of various data sources, they demonstrates that poverty and literacy are inversely related, means that the higher literacy rates corresponds to lower levels of poverty. They also suggests that both degree of openness and overall literacy rate were jointly responsible for the reduction of poverty. The study concludes that policies aimed at increasing literacy and trade openness are crucial for poverty alleviation in India. Thus the article tries to offer insightful information about the complex connections between development in the economy, education and fighting poverty in the Indian context.
Poverty in rural India: caste and tribe
Gang, Ira N, et al (2008) states the causes of higher poverty amongst SC and ST households and compared it with nonscheduled households. They tried to investigates the impact of social identity, specifically caste and tribe, on poverty in rural India. They Observed poverty rates of SC and ST households are 12.4 percentage points and 21.7 percentage points higher than non-scheduled households. The study also shows that social identity remains a significant predictor of poverty in rural India even after accounting for other variables like education and employment. In order to encourage inclusive growth and reduce social inequality, they tried to address the necessity for policies such as improved access to education and training, measures to address.
Contribution of information and communication applicants to poverty reduction
Cecchini, Simone, et al (2003) states the contribution of ICT (information and communication technology) applications to the eradication of poverty in rural India. They analyse different ICT initiatives and how they affect the fight against poverty, highlighting crucial elements that make them successful. According to the stud they conducted, ICT applications have the potential to lower poverty in rural regions, but their success is dependent on a number of factors, including infrastructure accessibility, involvement from the community. To reduce the poverty it require attentive policy formation and careful project design. The study highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to eliminating poverty that takes into consideration social, economic, and technological problems.
Poverty, undernutrition and vulnerability in rural India
Imai, KatsushiS (2011) states the connection between under nutrition, vulnerability, and poverty in rural India as well as the function of rural public works and food for work programs in resolving these concerns. A household’s vulnerability is defined as the probability of a household falling into poverty. The research indicates that rural public works programs and food for work programs, particularly for the most vulnerable communities, can successfully reduce poverty and enhance nutritional status. These initiatives boost agricultural output, support the development of rural infrastructure, and create job possibilities. Programs that provide food for labor also significantly improve nutritional status, particularly for women and children. The study highlights the importance of targeting vulnerable populations, including women and children, in these programs to achieve the maximum impact on poverty reduction and nutritional outcomes.
Gender, Poverty and Old-Age Livelihoods in an Era of Globalisation
Vera-Sanso, Penny (2012) states the impact of globalization on gender, poverty, and old-age livelihoods. With interviews of 46 elderly men and women living in urban poverty in Chennai, India. The study shows that the elderly in urban poverty are particularly vulnerable to the effects of globalization, as they have limited access to resources and are often excluded from formal employment opportunities. Moreover the women are more likely to be excluded from formal employment opportunities. They suggests that policies to promote gender equality and empowerment can help address these issues. They also tried to highlight the importance of social support such as family in alleviating the impact of poverty and old age. Moreover, they thought that there is a need for the policies to be formed to address the specific need of the elderly in urban poverty including gender-specific policies.
Poverty Dynamics in India
Dang, Hai-Anh H. et al (2018) states the dynamics of poverty in India from 2004 to 2012 using a synthetic panel data strategy. They examine how poverty has changed through time and find the elements that contribute to its persistence and mobility. They discovered that, compared to the other half, almost half of the poor households from 2004 remained poor in 2012. In 2004, a significant proportion of households that weren’t poor also lived in poverty. Moreover households with higher levels of education, smaller household sizes, and greater asset ownership are more likely to move out of poverty over time. In contrast, household composition, location, and social identity are found to be significant factors associated with poverty persistence.
Reduce Poverty in Emerging India
JOSHI, P. K. (2016) states that challenges of achieving food security and reducing poverty in the country like India. They explored strategies that could help address these poverty and food security issues. They analyze the unequal availability of health resources, education and other resources as key factors that make them available to eradicate poverty. Research shows that tailored programs can be designed to provide food to beneficiaries. They stated that the main motive must be to enable the poor people so that they can buy their own food, with the help of employment opportunities and education.
Poverty reduction in china and India
ZHANG, TONGJIN et al (2020) states the contribution of factors for the poverty reduction in India and China, and compare the strategies. They analyzed that both China and India has made progress in reducing the poverty rates. With China achieving more success in reducing the poverty rates. The reason behind faster success are better policies, investment in education and health, and infrastructure. Moreover India has struggled to reduce poverty because India is merely focused on social welfare programs. They suggested that if the strategies of both the countries are adopted that is investment in education, health, infrastructure and social welfare program India can reduce the poverty faster.
Poverty and Growth in India
Datt, Gaurav et al (2020) states that during the past 6 decades, India has achieved considerable progress in alleviating poverty. Around 70% of the population lived in poverty in the 1950s, and the nation was confronted with serious problems related to food insecurity, illiteracy, and poor health outcomes. Through their research, they discovered that in the 1960s, poverty rates remained high and that economic development was slow. Droughts, food shortages, and inflation were problems for the nation. Poverty rates continued to fall in the 1980s as economic growth improved. In the 1990s, economic development quickened and poverty rates kept dropping. In 2000s poverty rates continued to decline and the India implemented several government programs that aimed at improving rural infrastructure, increasing access to education and health care, and promoting employment. Even if economic development slowed in the 2010s, poverty rates continued to fall as a result of the implementation of several welfare programs. In order to further reduce poverty in India, they tried to convey significant insights from the country’s experiences with poverty reduction and emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that addresses both economic growth and social inequalities in order to further reduce poverty in India.
Estimation of Poverty in India
Almås, Ingvild et al (2019) states that traditional measurements based on income or consumption data would not adequately represent the experiences of India’s poor people. The behavior-based method allowed them to identify a bigger percentage of the population as being poor, particularly among households with lower levels of assets and lack of education. The study also emphasizes how crucial non-financial aspects are in influencing people’s behavior and decisions, including status in society, health, and education. They suggest that the behavior-based approach can provide policymakers with a more accurate understanding of poverty in India. The paper as a whole recommends an innovative and encouraging method for estimating poverty in India that takes into consideration people’s choices and behavior.
Conclusion
Poverty is a complex and multi-dimensional issue for years in India. It is caused by various factors such as lack of education, unemployment, lack of health resources etc. Poverty is a critical issues which outcomes can hamper the overall economic growth of the country. Government, individuals and communities should come together to eradicate poverty by providing various means to the needy. Along with social welfare programs investment needs to be done in education, infrastructure and health. However, by working together and taking concrete steps towards addressing the root causes of poverty, India can make progress towards a more just and equitable world.
References
Almås, Ingvild; Kjelsrud, Anders; Somanathan, Rohini3 rohini (2019) A Behavior‐Based Approach to the Estimation of Poverty in India. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, [s. l.], v. 121, n. 1, p. 182–224, 2019. DOI 10.1111/sjoe.12282. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=6097760d-7903-3e76-bdd0-72f37d7102c5. Acesso em: 5 maio. 2023.
Cecchini, Simone; Scott, Christopher (2003) Can information and communications technology applications contribute to poverty reduction? Lessons from rural India. Information Technology for Development, [s. l.], v. 10, n. 2, p. 73–84, 2003. DOI 10.1002/itdj.1590100203. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=34f2f1f6-65a8-3be4-b375-ca8e7759ff2d. Acesso em: 4 maio. 2023.
Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Lanjouw, Peter F (2018) Poverty Dynamics in India between 2004 and 2012: Insights from Longitudinal Analysis Using Synthetic Panel Data. Economic Development & Cultural Change, [s. l.], v. 67, n. 1, p. 131–170, 2018. DOI 10.1086/697555. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=2aabfca4-d7ef-3472-861e-0990c3c074ee. Acesso em: 5 maio. 2023.
Datt, Gaurav; Ravallion, Martin; Murgai, Rinku (2020) Poverty and Growth in India over Six Decades. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, [s. l.], v. 102, n. 1, p. 4–27, 2020. DOI 10.1093/ajae/aaz043. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=58e84ac8-27b8-3650-bade-6d18f7c420db. Acesso em: 5 maio. 2023.
Gang, Ira N.;Sen, Kunal;Yun, Myeong-Su (2008) Poverty in Rural India: Caste and Tribe. Review of Income & Wealth, [s. l.], v. 54, n. 1, p. 50–70, 2008. DOI 10.1111/j.1475-4991.2007.00259.x. Disponívelem: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=f3aee87b-9547-3917-a1f9-0e2e20ad7230. Acesso em: 4 maio. 2023.
Imai, KatsushiS (2011) Poverty, undernutrition and vulnerability in rural India: role of rural public works and food for work programmes. International Review of Applied Economics, [s. l.], v. 25, n. 6, p. 669–691, 2011. DOI 10.1080/02692171.2011.557052. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=5d662102-2265-3a3b-ba54-fdd3b9dc0c0a. Acesso em: 5 maio. 2023.
JOSHI, P. K. (2016) Pathways to Improve Food Security and Reduce Poverty in Emerging India. Agricultural Economics Research Review, [s. l.], v. 29, n. 2, p. 171–182, 2016. DOI 10.5958/0974-0279.2016.00045.8. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=7a2e13e5-7478-3b3b-82f7-65dedb634107. Acesso em: 5 maio. 2023.
Prusty, Sadananda (2009) Analysis of Poverty, Openness and Literacy in India. Paradigm (09718907), [s. l.], v. 13, n. 2, p. 57–63, 2009. DOI 10.1177/0971890720090208. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=cd747fd8-ac75-3501-9b95-0a4fa7071ce3. Acesso em: 4 maio. 2023.
Vera-Sanso, Penny (2012) Gender, Poverty and Old-Age Livelihoods in Urban South India in an Era of Globalisation. Oxford Development Studies, [s. l.], v. 40, n. 3, p. 324–340, 2012. DOI 10.1080/13600818.2012.710322. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=8a97efcd-cf4f-3a6c-a149-e89143586810. Acesso em: 5 maio. 2023.
ZHANG, TONGJIN; ZHANG, YUAN; WAN, GUANGHUA; WU, HAITAO (2020) Poverty Reduction in China and India: A Comparative Study. Singapore Economic Review, [s. l.], v. 65, p. 95–115, 2020. DOI 10.1142/S0217590820440026. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=2ca771a5-477f-3eae-8aa6-ad578b30535f. Acesso em: 5 maio. 2023.