LITERATURE REVIEW
1.
The findings show that children with pre-primary and primary education are less likely to be in the workforce, whereas children with secondary and higher secondary education are more likely to be in the workforce. The findings suggest that increasing children’s educational attainment and providing financial assistance to poor families could effectively eradicate child labour in India. Child labour continues to be a major concern in India despite the implementation of various policies and programmes aimed at its eradication. This study investigates factors that influence child labour in India with a focus on regional differences. (Das, Krishna Surjya, 2022)
2.
Child labour laws and legislations have been enacted in our country, but the condition of child labourers still remains the same. This is because of lack of effective machinery for the implementation of such laws as well as the lack of awareness among labourers and employers about the restrictions on the employment of children as workers. India has all along followed a proactive policy with respect to the problem of child labour, and has stood for the constitutional, statutory and developmental measures to combat child labour. (Dr. Mayank Mohan, 2018)
3.
This paper, further, has two functions, one, it provides a background to the national child labour research; and two, as a prelude to the policy paper on child labour, this will be a working paper for facilitating a framework on the contending aspects of the issue, and the implementation of good practices.( Child Rights and You CRY, 2009)
4.
The inherent factors responsible for this especially the role of poverty is examined in this research note. It is argued that in developing countries with poverty, inequality, social norms, credit-land-labour market imperfections, high fertility and unpredictable employment scenario, children are sent to work in most cases by their parents. Throughout the world child labour has been an area of lively debate for about a decade with many different viewpoints on the issue.( Mukherjee, Dipa, 2009)
5.
It also spells out practical ways in which the local elected members, can endeavour to alleviate the suffering of millions of children in our country who are subjected to violence and exploitation. This handbook on child protection will help Panchayat Raj members to understand the actions they can take to protect children resulting in better convergence of programmes and increased allocation of resources to address child protection issues.( Government of India Ministry of Women and Child Development, 2009)
6.
India has five million working children which is more than two percent of the total child population in the age group of 5-14 years. it is also highly detrimental to their health and ultimately leads to intellectual and physical stunting of their growth. At this backdrop, this paper measures the magnitude of child rights to education enjoyed by the child labour across the states of West Bengal. We recommend few measures to revamp the whole process, so that relationship between child labour and inclusive education activities can be revamped. NCLP and Sarba Shiksha Mission should work hand in hand to fulfill this objective. Complete implementation of Right to Education can help to solve many of these issues involved with child labour, as the act itself has an inclusive approach.( Roy, Chandan & Barman, Jiten, 2012.( Roy, Chandan & Barman, Jiten, 2012)
7.
The question involves a certain assumption that in the prevailing situation child labourers possesses an adequate level of awareness about and access to vocational education in the first place. Here, we attempt to examine some of these dimensions of vocational education, as they exist now.( Anil Kumar, V, 2012)
8.
These relationships hold only for the top three quintiles of the income distribution and mostly for children in the age group 10-14 years. The former result suggests that liquidity constraints may not allow poorer households to respond to the economic benefits of education. Policies that raise the economic benefits of education may increase human capital investments in households that do not rely on their children’s incomes for survival. However, low schooling and high child labour will persist among credit constrained families unless these households are provided with the economic ability to respond to these benefits.( Rubiana Chamarbagwala, 2008)
9.
The paper argues that non-schooling and work of children reflect not only parental income constraints but also, more importantly, the paucity of publicly provided educational opportunities; they are the products of not just parental utilitarian calculus but of deficiencies in public policy and social institutions. With a particular empirical focus on India, it demonstrates that the burden of child labour as well as the onus of educational deprivation are disproportionately borne by different population groups in the country. Diverging somewhat from this conventional path and starting from the vantage point of human security and development, this study makes a case for considering child well-being as a separate problem of its own, much as it is related to family welfare. The paper concludes that in considering strategies to combat child labour, the school reform point of view and correlatively the expansion of an educational opportunities perspective should enter the current political and policy consciousness in a significant way.( Manabi Majumdar, 2001)
10.
In exploring the link between child labour and poverty in the Indian context, the paper advances the view that the nature of the connection is more readily apprehended if both the variables under study are defined more expansively and inclusively than is customarily the case. his paper explores the hypothesis that the phenomenon of child labour is explicable in terms of poverty that compels a household to keep its children out of school and put them to work in the cause of the household’s survival.( D. Jayaraj & Sreenivasan Subramanian, 2005)
REFERENCES
1. Anil Kumar, V, 2012. “Vocational education and child labour in Bidar, Karnataka, India,” Working Papers 286, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.
2. Child Rights and You CRY, 2009. “Concept Paper on Child Labour in India,” Working Papers id:2236, eSocialSciences.
3. D. Jayaraj & Sreenivasan Subramanian, 2005. “Out of School and (Probably) in Work: Child Labour and Capability Deprivation in India,” WIDER Working Paper Series RP2005-55, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
4. Das, Krishna Surjya, 2022. “Child labour and its determinants in India,” Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 138(C)
5. Dr. Mayank Mohan, 2018. “Bitter Truth of Child Labour in India,” Journal of Commerce and Trade, Society for Advanced Management Studies, vol. 13(2), pages 11-20, October.
6. Government of India Ministry of Women and Child Development, 2009. “Child Protection A Handbook for Panchayat Members,” Working Papers id:2211, eSocialSciences.
7. Manabi Majumdar, 2001. “Child Labour as a Human Security Problem: Evidence from India,” Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(3), pages 279-304.
8. Mukherjee, Dipa, 2009. “A Research Note on the Linkage between Poverty and Child Labour in India,” MPRA Paper 35044, University Library of Munich, Germany.
9. Roy, Chandan & Barman, Jiten, 2012. “Child Labour & Inclusive Education in Backward Districts of India,” MPRA Paper 43643, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 Dec 2012.
10. Rubiana Chamarbagwala, 2008. “Regional Returns to Education, Child Labour and Schooling in India,” Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(2), pages 233-257.