INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
TRENDS OF INDIAN HANDICRAFT EXPORT SINCE 2001
GAIKWAD, S. P. AND SHIWARE, T. A. (2001) Said The paper titled “Trends of Indian Handicraft Export Since 2001” provides an in-depth exploration into the declining trajectory of handicraft exports from India since 2003. It underscores the cultural richness of India, a nation known for its diverse art and cultural heritage. The amalgamation of various patterns and styles, shaped by historical cultural invasions, is lauded in the paper. The artisans, weavers, and craftsmen residing in rural areas are acknowledged for their pivotal role in preserving cultural heritage through the creation of intricate handicraft products.
The broader spectrum of the handicraft industry is introduced as a skill-specific and master craftsmen-specific domain, rooted in hereditary skills with ties to caste-based occupations. The products range from being artistic and creative to functional, traditional, and utilitarian. The diversity of Indian handicrafts is highlighted, with different states contributing unique crafts. Major centers such as Moradabad, known for brass, and Rajasthan, celebrated for textiles, exemplify the richness of the handicraft landscape.
The historical context emphasizes the potential of marketing Indian handicrafts both domestically and internationally. However, the paper sheds light on challenges faced by the unorganized nature of the sector. Issues such as lack of education, capital, exposure to technology, market intelligence, and an insufficient institutional framework are discussed.
Definitions of handicrafts are explored, emphasizing the handmade aspects, artistic value, and ornamentation. The paper then delves into the identified problem of a continuous decline in handicraft exports since 2003-04, based on data from the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics.
The objectives of the study are laid out, aiming to comprehend trends in Indian handicraft exports, identify reasons for changes, and suggest measures for improvement. A thorough SWOT analysis of the Indian handicraft industry is presented, covering strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Recommendations for improvement include development plans based on consumer demand, promotional activities, internet utilization for global marketing, establishment of an apex body and self-help groups, and coordination between government departments.
In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the imperative need for the revival and development of the handicraft sector, given its cultural significance. The implementation of a SWOT analysis is advocated as a comprehensive approach towards understanding and enhancing the industry.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
India: Performance Export of Rice from and Determinants
ADHIKARI, A.; SEKHON, M. K.; KAUR, M. The comprehensive analysis of India’s rice exports, particularly focusing on basma
ti rice from 1980-81 to 2012-13, reveals significant insights into the nation’s performance in the global rice market. The study incorporates compound growth rates, instability indices, and Markov chain analysis to discern patterns and determinants.
Rice emerges as a vital contributor to India’s national income during the study period, notably with basmati rice showing substantial growth in value (15.87%). This growth is primarily attributed to an increase in unit value, emphasizing the significance of market dynamics beyond mere quantity. Projections for 2013-14 indicate Iran and Saudi Arabia as major markets for Indian basmati rice, while Nigeria and South Africa are anticipated to be significant for non-basmati rice.
The regression model employed identifies critical determinants of rice exports, highlighting the influence of export price, international price, lagged production, domestic consumption, and exchange rates. The model provides actionable insights for policymakers, underlining the need for competitive pricing, product quality enhancement, and adherence to sanitary standards to sustain India’s global competitiveness in rice exports.
Examining major export destinations for basmati rice reveals Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, and Iraq as key players. Iran stands out as the top importer, emphasizing the evolving dynamics of global rice markets. The study, sans author details, underscores the importance of adaptability and strategic foresight in navigating challenges and leveraging opportunities in the ever-changing global trade landscape.
In summary, this analysis, seemingly presented by an individual synthesizing research findings, not only dissects India’s rice export performance comprehensively but also offers actionable insights into the complex dynamics of global rice markets. The multifaceted approach ensures a nuanced understanding of the factors shaping India’s role in the international rice trade, making it a valuable resource for stakeholders and policymakers.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
DETERMINANTS OF INDIA’S SOFTWARE EXPORTS AND GOODS EXPORTS
THARAKAN, P. K. M.; VAN BEVEREN, I.; VAN OURTI, T. The study delves into the determinants of Indian exports, concentrating on software services and total goods exports. Research questions are structured to explore divergences in performance determinants between software and goods exports while scrutinizing the constancy of these determinants over time.In terms of Software Industry Performance, Indian software exports have exhibited remarkable success, constituting a significant proportion of the country’s overall goods exports. This achievement is attributed to escalating global demand, cost advantages, English language proficiency, and the adeptness to engage with clients at a low cost.
The application of a gravity model, influenced by Tinbergen, Anderson, and other scholars, is pivotal to the study’s methodology. This model, traditionally applied to goods, is expanded to encompass services such as foreign direct investment, stock market correlations, and financial assets.
The empirical model evaluates determinants like size (GDP), distance, linguistic connections, and trade-facilitating networks for both software and goods exports. Significantly divergent impacts on software exports compared to total goods exports are revealed, notably the negligible effect of distance on software exports, hinting at the potential overcoming of information asymmetry in this sector.
Key variables and their impact are outlined, with the economic size (GDP) of importing countries exerting a positive influence on both software and goods exports, with a more pronounced effect on software exports. Population size (POP) yields mixed results, displaying a negative impact on software exports and a positive influence on total goods exports. English language proficiency and the share of people of Indian origin positively affect software exports but not total goods exports.
Examining trade-facilitating networks, represented by people of Indian origin in importing countries, positively influences both software and goods exports, though the differences are not statistically significant.
The study incorporates sensitivity analyses that affirm the robustness of estimates, indicating stability in results over time and minimal susceptibility to outliers.In conclusion, the study illuminates the distinct determinants steering India’s software exports as opposed to goods exports. Proficiency in English, leveraging networks, and overcoming distance barriers emerge as pivotal factors influencing the success of the software industry. These findings significantly contribute to a nuanced understanding of the dynamics characterizing modern services-driven sectors in emerging economies.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
India’s International Trade: An Analytical Study of Pre- and Post-Liberalization Periods
SHARMA, V. K.; GUPTA, D. R.; VERMA, V. The pre-liberalization era, marked by import substitution policies, witnessed limited attention to exports. However, the post-liberalization period, driven by globalization, liberalization, and privatization, led to significant reforms. These reforms aimed at relaxing restrictions on international trade, enhancing input availability, and promoting quality and technological upgradation.
The composition of India’s exports underwent a notable transformation. While the pre-liberalization phase was characterized by a focus on traditional items like tea, coffee, cotton, jute, and ores, the post-liberalization period saw diversification towards manufactured goods. Sectors such as chemical and related products, engineering goods, gems and jewelry, and textiles experienced substantial growth in exports.
The study emphasizes the positive impact of liberalized EXIM policies, which created an export-friendly environment, simplified procedures, and facilitated growth. The growth rate of exports increased significantly during the post-liberalization phase, with the manufacturing sector playing a pivotal role. The paper highlights the need for continuous review and adaptation of trade policies to capitalize on international opportunities.
In terms of imports, there was a shift in the composition and direction. The share of industrialized countries in imports declined, while there was an increase in imports from developing countries. The termination of rupee agreements with East European Countries (EEC) contributed to a decline in trade with these nations.
The direction of India’s trade also witnessed changes, with increasing shares from OECD and OPEC countries and a decline in trade with EEC. The study recommends a reevaluation of liberalized EXIM policies to align with global opportunities and threats, emphasizing the importance of protecting domestic trade.
In conclusion, the paper underscores the need for strategic measures to enhance India’s export performance and achieve a more significant share in global trade, considering the evolving international trade landscape.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
INDIA SINGAPORE TRADE–A PARADIGM SHIFT
MALHOTRA, D. G.; VADRA, D. R. In recent years, the landscape of economic collaboration in Asia, particularly between India and Singapore, has undergone a notable transformation. The historical reference to “Asian Tigers,” including Singapore, now finds resonance in India’s proactive economic reforms, which have propelled it towards enhanced integration with key Asian nations. At the forefront of this evolving relationship is Singapore, a dynamic economy characterized by a high GDP per capita and robust economic growth. The success of Singapore can be attributed to its open trade policies, strategic geographical location, and enduring political stability.
The enduring partnership between India and Singapore is multifaceted, extending beyond mere trade ties. Singapore, serving as a crucial trading partner, also operates as a gateway for India to access the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the vast Chinese market. Bilateral trade between India and Singapore has witnessed a substantial upswing, with Singapore emerging as India’s largest trading partner within ASEAN. The alignment of Singapore’s expertise in infrastructure, technology, and export markets with India’s developmental objectives has further fortified this economic collaboration.
Central to the strengthening of economic ties is the India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA), a testament to the commitment of both nations to fostering a conducive environment for bilateral trade. Analyzing the trade statistics reveals a significant trajectory. Bilateral trade, which stood at $19 billion in 2006, exceeded expectations and showcased the robust nature of this economic partnership. Singapore’s share in India’s total trade demonstrated consistent growth, reaching approximately 10% in 2007-08.
Delving into the specifics of commodities traded highlights the diversity of this economic relationship. Major Indian exports to Singapore encompass petroleum, diamonds, textiles, and chemicals, while Singapore reciprocates with exports such as capital goods, machinery, chemicals, and electronic equipment. The trade dynamics reveal a noteworthy trend of India’s exports experiencing remarkable growth, a testament to the positive impact of economic reforms. However, post-liberalization, there is a discernible shift in the balance, with India’s imports from Singapore exhibiting a growth rate surpassing that of exports.
In conclusion, the evolution of India-Singapore trade relations signifies a paradigm shift shaped by economic reforms, bilateral agreements, and shared interests. Singapore’s pivotal role as a major trading partner underscores its significance in India’s economic landscape. As the dynamics of this economic partnership continue to evolve, there is a clear emphasis on the imperative for sustained collaboration and the exploration of new avenues for mutual growth.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
Dynamics of India-China Trade Relations: Testing for the Validity of Marshall-Lerner Condition and J-Curve Hypothesis
PANDA, B.; REDDY, D. R. K. The recent devaluation of the Chinese yuan has sparked concerns regarding global financial stability and has raised the specter of an unwarranted currency war. As India’s largest goods trading partner, China plays a pivotal role in India’s trade dynamics. However, India has faced a significant trade deficit with China, reaching US$49 billion in fiscal year 2015 due to rising imports and lackluster exports. The sudden devaluation of the yuan by approximately 4% over two days in August 2015 has intensified this trade deficit, making Chinese exports more competitive compared to those of India.
In light of these developments, the effectiveness of real depreciation of the Indian rupee in improving the trade deficit with China is a critical question addressed in this study. Using annual data from 1987 to 2014 sourced from the World Bank and United Nations Comtrade, the study employs various econometric techniques to analyze the relationship between trade balance, domestic and foreign income, and real exchange rate.
The study’s findings indicate a long-run relationship between trade balance and its determinants, including domestic income, foreign income, and real effective exchange rate. However, the estimated long-run Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model rejects the validity of the Marshall-Lerner condition for the Indian economy, suggesting that real depreciation of the rupee may not effectively correct the trade deficit with China.
Furthermore, the study does not find evidence supporting the J-curve effect for India-China trade, indicating that real depreciation of the rupee may not lead to the desired improvement in the trade balance in the short run. The analysis also reveals significant short-run causality from Indian income to trade balance, highlighting the influence of India’s economic conditions on its trade dynamics with China.
Overall, the study concludes that given the inelastic nature of India’s trade basket, depreciation of the rupee may not be a successful strategy for correcting the trade imbalance with China. This underscores the importance of exploring alternative policy measures to address India’s trade deficit with its largest trading partner.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
Does Finance Play a Role in Exporting for Service Firms? Evidence from India
LANCHEROS, S.; DEMIREL, P. Title: “Finance and Exporting Behavior of Indian Service Firms:
In the past three decades, global trade in services has experienced significant growth across various sectors. However, limited research exists on the factors influencing the ability of service firms to export, particularly regarding the role of finance. This study focuses on Indian service firms between 1999 and 2007, specifically evaluating the impact of long- and short-term borrowing on the decision to export and export volume.
The importance of finance in supporting goods exports is well-established, with well-developed financial systems in countries aiding in covering sunk and fixed costs associated with entering foreign markets. Access to external finance becomes crucial for covering ongoing costs, especially due to longer execution times and delayed payments in international trade.Empirical evidence on the relationship between finance and goods exports is mixed, highlighting the complexity of the issue. While some studies show a positive impact of financial health on export performance, others present differing findings.
Despite an abundance of literature on finance and goods exports, the role of finance in service exports remains largely unexplored. This research gap necessitates an examination of service firms’ reliance on external finance for exporting, particularly in growing economies like India.The dynamics of the Indian service sector, characterized by its dynamic growth in service exports and significant contribution to economic growth, make it an ideal case study for understanding the interplay between finance and exporting behavior.Hypotheses suggest that sunk costs for exporting services may differ from goods, impacting the relevance of finance. Additionally, variable costs for exporting services are expected to be lower than for goods, potentially reducing the importance of finance in the service sector.
Employing non-linear dynamic panel data techniques, the study examines the impact of long- and short-term borrowing on the decision to export and export volume, while controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and potential endogeneity issues.Key findings indicate that access to specific sources of finance does not influence the decision to export or export volume for Indian service firms. These results contrast with research on the manufacturing sector, suggesting that the different cost structures in services dampen the impact of finance on export behavior.In conclusion, this study contributes valuable insights to the limited research on service sector exports and finance. It underscores that finance’s role in exporting services appears less pronounced than in goods exports, emphasizing the need for tailored policy considerations for service firms in growing economies like India.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
A Study on the Direction of Trade in the Indian Turmeric Exports: Markov Chain Approac
MURUGANANTHI, D. The study, titled “Direction of Trade in Indian Turmeric Exports: Insights from a Markov Chain Approach,” delves into the global significance of turmeric, with India standing out as the largest producer, contributing a substantial 78% of the world’s production. Over the period from 1996 to 2006, the research explores various facets of Indian turmeric exports, incorporating an analysis of growth rates, instability patterns, and employing Markov chain methodology.
India’s dominance in global turmeric production is evident, with key players including China, Myanmar, Nigeria, and Bangladesh. Beyond its culinary applications, turmeric plays a versatile role in textiles, cosmetics, medicinal oils, and biopesticides. The study underscores India’s triple role as the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of turmeric, a status attributed to its high curcumin content, making it a favored choice in the global market. Turmeric secures the third position in India’s overall spice exports, with major importing nations being the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, and the United States.
Examining India’s export performance in the turmeric market becomes crucial for maintaining its leadership position. The period from 1996 to 2006 witnessed substantial annual growth rates in both export quantity and value, reaching 6.2% and 9.61%, respectively. The study attributes this positive trend to the increasing demand for turmeric, driven by its non-food and food applications in importing countries In dissecting the dynamics of instability in turmeric exports, the analysis reveals that export value experienced more pronounced fluctuations compared to export quantity during the study period. Export unit value fluctuations emerge as a potential influencing factor for this observed instability.
Markov chain analysis emerges as a valuable tool employed in the study to evaluate the direction of trade in Indian turmeric exports. The transitional probability matrix derived from this analysis highlights the stability of markets, with the United Arab Emirates and Bangladesh identified as particularly stable markets for Indian turmeric.
In conclusion, the study reaffirms India’s pivotal role in the global turmeric trade, supported by its robust export performance. It emphasizes the strategic importance of positioning and pricing strategies to navigate the dynamic global market successfully. By capitalizing on stable markets like the UAE and Bangladesh, India can further fortify its position amidst growing domestic demand and competition from other turmeric-producing nations.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
THE ROLE OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN INDIA’S SERVICES EXPORTS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
SRIVASTAVA, S. The research investigates the intricate dynamics between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and service exports within the Indian economic landscape, particularly during the post-liberalization era spanning from 1991 to 2002. Despite prior empirical studies suggesting that FDI inflows in India may not be explicitly export-oriented, this study takes a novel approach by focusing specifically on the service sector, which has emerged as a pivotal force driving India’s overall export growth. The significance of this research lies in addressing a gap in the literature, as previous studies have not delved into the impact of FDI on the service sector, despite its growing importance in the country’s export portfolio.
The methodology employed utilizes a multivariate Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework, a robust analytical tool suitable for addressing endogeneity concerns inherent in the FDI-service export relationship. The empirical results reveal a noteworthy short-term unidirectional Granger causality, indicating that FDI plays a causal role in influencing service exports within the Indian economy. This finding contradicts some earlier perspectives that portrayed FDI as not significantly export-oriented in the Indian context. The research contributes valuable insights into understanding the nuanced relationship between FDI and service exports, shedding light on the unique characteristics of India’s economic landscape.
The study places a spotlight on the expanding role of the services sector, particularly in information and communication technology (ICT), as a key driver of India’s export competitiveness. The emergence of India as a global hub for outsourcing and offshoring in services, including software development, research and development (R&D), financial portfolio analysis, patent writing, and product design, is intricately linked to the surge in FDI inflows. The paper underscores the need to recognize the blurred boundaries between manufacturing and services, emphasizing that the benefits and costs associated with FDI are not limited to traditional manufacturing industries but extend to the dynamic and evolving services sector.Additionally, the research delves into the broader context of international production sharing and the changing nature of global trade in commercial services. this research provides a comprehensive examination of the intricate relationship between FDI and service exports in India, offering empirical evidence that contributes to the ongoing discourse on the impact of FDI on different sectors of the economy. The findings not only enrich the understanding of India’s economic transformation during the post-liberalization period but also provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders navigating the complex interplay between FDI, service exports, and the evolving dynamics of global trade.
INDIAN EXPORTS
AUTHOR: SATYAJEET PATIL
India’s Export Potential to the Gulf Cooperation Council: A Gravity Model Exploration
PRADHAN, S. R. Title: India’s Export Potential to Gulf Cooperation Council: A Gravity Model Exploration This paper investigates India’s export potential to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) using an augmented gravity model. The study focuses on the six GCC member countries with ongoing Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique with panel data is employed to estimate the model, revealing significant export potential with Oman (3.7 times), Qatar (2.7 times), Bahrain (1.5 times), and Kuwait (1.2 times). However, no export potential is observed with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia, indicating potential overtrading. The study emphasizes the need for diversified export baskets and highlights the positive impact of Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs) on export potential.
The paper explores the growing economic integration driven by multilateralism and regionalism, particularly through Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs) and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). It emphasizes India’s proactive approach in signing bilateral PTAs/FTAs and its intentions to negotiate an FTA with the GCC. The GCC is recognized as a major trading partner for India, hosting a significant expatriate Indian community. The study aims to estimate India’s export potential to the GCC countries, emphasizing the importance of FTAs in strengthening bilateral economic ties.
The Gulf region holds economic and strategic significance for India, marked by historical ties, increasing oil imports, and a significant Indian expatriate population. Bilateral trade has experienced remarkable growth, with GCC becoming India’s second-largest merchandise trading partner. The paper acknowledges the economic linkages established during the oil era, emphasizing the need for diversified trade beyond traditional sectors.
The gravity model, based on Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, serves as the analytical framework for estimating India’s export potential. The model considers GDP, distance, and additional dummy variables such as trading affinity, common language and ethnicity, RTA membership, and colonial history. The results reveal varying export potentials with different GCC countries, highlighting the significance of these factors in shaping trade dynamics.
The study concludes that India has substantial export potential with specific GCC countries, emphasizing the role of FTAs and RTAs. The findings underscore the need for a diversified export basket, particularly with the UAE and Saudi Arabia. The paper contributes valuable insights into India’s trade relations with the GCC and provides a foundation for policy considerations related to integration, tariff adjustments, and trade diversification.
Final Summary
The compilation of papers offers a comprehensive exploration of Indian exports, covering various facets. One paper delves into the diminishing trajectory of handicraft exports, emphasizing the cultural richness and challenges within the unorganized sector. Another study analyzes the pivotal role of basmati rice, showcasing its contribution to India’s national income. It not only identifies critical determinants but also recommends strategies to sustain global competitiveness, projecting the major markets for both basmati and non-basmati rice.
The success of the software industry is thoroughly dissected, highlighting its unique impacts on India’s overall export landscape. Simultaneously, an in-depth examination traces the transformation of India’s export composition from traditional to manufactured goods during the post-liberalization era. This study underscores the positive repercussions of liberalized EXIM policies and showcases the growth in sectors such as chemicals, engineering goods, gems and jewelry, and textiles.
The economic collaboration between India and Singapore takes center stage in another paper, shedding light on Singapore’s role as a crucial trading partner. Simultaneously, the dynamics of India-China trade relations, particularly the impact of the devaluation of the Chinese yuan on India’s trade deficit, come under meticulous scrutiny, providing insights into the intricacies of one of India’s major trade relationships.A closer examination of the role of finance in the export endeavors of Indian service firms reveals nuanced distinctions from goods exports. It offers valuable insights into the dynamics of the rapidly evolving service sector, pointing towards factors such as access to specific sources of finance influencing the decision to export and export volume.
The collection further directs attention to India’s prominence in the global turmeric trade, elucidating strategic positioning and pricing strategies crucial for sustained success. An in-depth exploration investigates the intricate dynamics between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and service exports within India’s economic framework during the post-liberalization era.
The compilation culminates with an analysis employing an augmented gravity model, unraveling India’s export potential to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It emphasizes the significance of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Regional Trading Arrangements (RTAs) in shaping bilateral economic ties. The findings underscore substantial export potential with specific GCC countries and highlight the need for a diversified export basket.
Together, these papers offer a rich tapestry of insights into the challenges, opportunities, and nuanced policy considerations across diverse sectors and international trade relationships within the realm of Indian exports.
1) References
ADHIKARI, A.; SEKHON, M. K.; KAUR, M. Export of Rice from India: Performance and Determinants. Agricultural Economics Research Review, [s. l.], v. 29, n. 1, p. 135–150, 2016. DOI 10.5958/0974-0279.2016.00026.4. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=005bd9bb-23af-3143-bda3-341323939e89. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024
2) References
GAIKWAD, S. P.; SHIWARE, T. A. Trends of Indian Handicraft Export since 2001. Global Management Review, [s. l.], v. 7, n. 3, p. 38–44, 2013. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=eac35188-4978-3079-bbf3-34c18796d5c1. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024.
3) References
LANCHEROS, S.; DEMIREL, P. Does Finance Play a Role in Exporting for Service Firms? Evidence from India. World Economy, [s. l.], v. 35, n. 1, p. 44–60, 2012. DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01384.x. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=d9f7287a-6d04-33e0-9494-825e8e2d849a. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024.
4) References
MALHOTRA, D. G.; VADRA, D. R. India Singapore Trade-A Paradigm Shift. Paradigm (09718907), [s. l.], v. 1, n. 17, p. 54–66, 2013. DOI 10.1177/0971890720130107. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=aef0da32-1dea-3f01-9a0d-b348c8d078bf. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024.
5) References
MURUGANANTHI, D. et al. A Study on the Direction of Trade in the Indian Turmeric Exports: Markov Chain Approach. ICFAI Journal of Agricultural Economics, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 4, p. 20–25, 2008. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=cb9e62b7-a1b9-31a7-bd89-6bea5e5c397c. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024
6) References
PANDA, B.; REDDY, D. R. K. Dynamics of India-China Trade Relations: Testing for the Validity of Marshall-Lerner Condition and J-Curve Hypothesis. IUP Journal of Applied Economics, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 1, p. 7–26, 2016. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=91f03625-4b05-3a5a-9d99-5bd3ddccf78f. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024.
7) References
PRADHAN, S. R. India’s Export Potential to the Gulf Cooperation Council: A Gravity Model Exploration. ICFAI Journal of Applied Economics, [s. l.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 48–71, 2009. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=4a3ec008-62e7-39aa-b28c-8b4605da87a8. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024.
8) References
SHARMA, V. K.; GUPTA, D. R.; VERMA, V. India’s International Trade: An Analytical Study of Pre- and Post-Liberalization Periods. ICFAI Journal of International Business, [s. l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 31–45, 2009. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=fe2ee7cb-0880-3ca3-a301-7a29a1d2de7a. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024.
9)References
SRIVASTAVA, S. The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Services Exports:: An Empirical Investigation. Singapore Economic Review, [s. l.], v. 51, n. 2, p. 175–194, 2006. DOI 10.1142/S0217590806002342. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=593f6a4a-96b5-32a0-98a6-98225de52f5a. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024
10)THARAKAN, P. K. M.; VAN BEVEREN, I.; VAN OURTI, T. Determinants of India’s Software Exports and Goods Exports. Review of Economics & Statistics, [s. l.], v. 87, n. 4, p. 776–780, 2005. DOI 10.1162/003465305775098161. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=5c965dac-7423-313e-9c0b-c096ce0acd66. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2024.