Physiology
Author – Nitin Shankar Chavan
MMS – Roll No: (0222071)
Kohinoor Business School
Literature Review
Physiology and Development: Why the West is Taller Than the Rest.
DALGAARD, et al(2016) says that the time of the fertility transition and the variance in human body size occurs globally. The trade-off between family size and nutrition, which resulted in smaller families and better nutrition for each child, is what we propose was caused by diverse technical advancements. The average body size subsequently increased secularly as a result of this. The idea that earlier fertility transitions are connected with present-day greater body sizes is supported by empirical study. Future studies should concentrate on bolstering the evidence for this relationship, figuring out the sudden growth that followed the fertility transition, and investigating alternate theories for the long-term evolution of body size in connection to fertility and wealth.
Incorporating Physiology into Creativity Research and Practice: The Effects of Bodily Stress Responses on Creativity in Organizations.
AKINOLA, M. et al(2017) state that the significance of bodily reactions to stress, aiming to expand scholarly knowledge regarding the connection between stress and creativity. We have also offered considerations for scholars who wish to investigate the interplay between physiology, stress, and creativity within organizational contexts. While there is still much to be explored, we are optimistic that our perspective will contribute to the generation of fresh insights on enhancing creativity in organizations. Additionally, we hope to have inspired researchers to adopt innovative approaches for capturing physiological stress responses in organizational settings, paving the way for more comprehensive investigations in the future.
Physiological Responses to Racism and Discrimination: An Assessment of the Evidence.
HARRELL et. al.(2003) say that the emphasis is on examining the subtle forms of racism, such as cultural and institutional manifestations, which can endure despite societal and legal disapproval of more overt forms. Creating experimental paradigms that can measure the physiological impacts of institutional and cultural racism is a difficult task. The identification of circuits connecting stress and cardiovascular reactivity to certain forms of racism has been made possible because to advances in brain imaging technologies. Racist encounters can make people more anxious, lead to defensive and aggressive behaviours, and have an impact on long-lasting health disparities. Additionally, racism is mentioned in the book as an external stressor that might permanently change physiological functioning and cause disorders linked to stress.
Human Physiologic Factors in Respiratory Uptake of 1,3-Butadiene
LIN, Y.-S. et al.(2001) state that the research on the pulmonary uptake of butadiene (BD), parameters including alveolar ventilation, the blood:air partition coefficient, age, sex, and smoking have a big impact on how much BD is taken in. Male and female respiratory BD intake were different, with females exhibiting higher respiratory BD uptake. Reduced BD uptake was linked to older age and current cigarette smoking, probably because of less effective pulmonary gas exchange. The study made a point of highlighting the fact that the administered dose of BD is a poor predictor of the absorbed dose, underscoring the significance of taking individual physiological characteristics into account when evaluating the health consequences of BD exposure.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE RESPONSES TO SEX IN ADVERTISING.
BELCH, M. A. et al.(1982) say that strong physiological and cognitive reactions are brought on by the use of nudity and suggestiveness in commercials. According to this research, women are more likely than males to react negatively to suggestive advertisements, and both opposite-sex and same-sex nudist commercials cause physiological reactions, with opposite-sex ads being more appealing cognitively and same-sex ads possibly being viewed as offensive. These results provide credence to the idea that sex in advertising can cause viewers to have psychophysiological responses. Caution is suggested, though, as these responses could not always be positive, which could result in unfavourable assessments and alter how people view the promoted goods. Future studies should use larger sample sizes to examine these links in more detail.
POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND THE HUMAN BODY AT WORK: LINKING ORGANIZATIONS AND PHYSIOLOGY.
HEAPHY et. al. (2008) state that the substantial influence of constructive social interactions at work on human physiology is highlighted by this review. Studies on cardiovascular health show that fostering strong workplace interactions can result in lessened cardiovascular reactivity, both at work and in daily life, which is essential for preserving cardiovascular health. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that good workplace interactions boost immune response elements, which in turn affects both short- and long-term health outcomes. The release of oxytocin (OT), a hormone that has been linked to reducing stress reactions and promoting anabolic processes, is one way that strong social ties might help hormone patterns. This is according to neuroendocrine studies. The cortisol research also suggests that resilient long-term health is facilitated by relationships that are good for better balanced stress responses.
CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY AND THE NEED TO CRITICALLY REFLECT ON THEM
Finding, challenging, and evaluating deeply held assumptions about our knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours is a key psychological concept known as critical reflection.
It is a procedure that can be improved via reflective practise, which has been connected to the growth of higher-order cognitive abilities including metacognition, critically reflective thinking, self-regulation, and agency.
In psychology, reflection just involves observing one’s mental state; but, in a spiritual setting, it may also include examining one’s soul.
Critical reflection is a means to alter one’s perspective on a subject and therefore alter one’s behaviour, not merely a reading assignment or a report of an activity.
Using cognitive psychology to understand GPT-3.
Using methods from cognitive psychology, we investigate GPT-3, a recent big language model. On a variety of standard trials from the literature, we explicitly evaluate GPT-3’s decision-making, information search, deliberation, and causal reasoning skills. Many aspects of GPT-3’s behaviour strike us as impressive: It beats people in a multiarmed bandit challenge, solves vignette-based tasks on par with or better than human participants, and exhibits hallmarks of model-based reinforcement learning. It can also make reasonable judgements from descriptions. However, we also discover that GPT-3 does not exhibit any signs of directed exploration, that even little changes to vignette-based tasks can cause it to err significantly, and that it completely fails a causal reasoning test. Together, these findings improve our knowledge of the present big language models and open the road for
The degree course in psychology in Rome in the history of Italian psychology.
The Anthropological Museum of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Rome served as the first home for Italian academic psychology, and it was here that a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology was founded in 1890. At the Universities of Turin, Rome, and Naples, the first three Chairs of Experimental Psychology were established in 1905. Other academic institutes followed them in the years that followed, up to 1930. Only after World War II (WWII), with the nation’s rebirth, and after many years and a protracted period of crisis connected to the fascist dictatorship, did psychology progressively recover its stature as a scientific field. Two degree programmes were established in Rome and Padua in 1971 within this framework of societal and academic regeneration.
The Psychology of Athletic Endeavor.
In the framework of sports, a lot of human behaviour takes place. Recent years have seen significant improvements in the knowledge of athletic endeavour as it relates to psychological science. Numerous original theoretical, methodological, and data-analytical techniques have been used in this study. We examine the most recent research on developmental concerns, intrapersonal athlete characteristics, group dynamics, and the coach’s job in illuminating how athletes behave in the context of sport. This corpus of studies clarifies the various ways that psychological processes influence athletic aspirations. Additionally, it may pique interest in areas of psychology that deal with achievement and promote idea-fertilization across domains.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the study of physiology played a significant role in the development of psychology as a separate science
. Critical reflection is an important concept in psychology that involves identifying, questioning, and assessing deeply-held assumptions about our knowledge, beliefs, feelings, and actions. Incorporating reflective practice into the psychology curriculum can support the development of higher-order cognitive skills, including metacognition, critically reflective thinking, self-regulation, and agency
. Reflection is an important part of the learning process in psychology, as it allows individuals to review the process and outcome of a task and identify what worked and what did not work on a personal, practical, and professional level