TITTLE : POVERTY IN INDIA
AUTHOR : Vaishnavi Shinde
LITERATURE RIVIEW:
A Comprehensive Analysis of: Poverty in India
The study shows that, it can be seen that there is a a steady decline in poverty in all states and for all social and religious groups. Accelerated growth between fiscal years 2004–2005 and 2009–2010 also led to an accelerated decline in poverty rates. Moreover, the decline in poverty rates during these years has been sharper for the socially disadvantaged groups relative to upper caste groups so that they now observe a narrowing of the gap in the poverty rates between the two sets of social groups. The paper also provides a discussion of the recent controversies in India regarding the choice of poverty lines. 2014 Asian Development Bank and Asian Development Bank Institute. Panagariya & Mukim, 2014
State of the Urban Poor Report 2015: Gender and Urban Poverty
It is increasingly being recognized that effective management of the urbanization process across India is going to be imperative to ensure equitable and sustained development. Economic growth and gender equality are positively correlated. Although gender issues have been widely debated in the context of urbanization and urban poverty alleviation policy framework, it has yet to be addressed perceptibly. Encapsulating insightful policy recommendations exclusively on urban poverty and gender issues is the need of the hour for successful implementation of existing programmes, alongside keeping tabs on emerging issues relevant to the India Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. The State of the Urban Poor Report 2015 has been envisaged keeping in mind the critical need to examine gender issues relevant to urban poverty alleviation practices and mechanisms, as well as to find ways of bringing gender sensitivity into the urban management practices in India, Government of India,, (2016)
The nexus between poverty and crime: evidence from India
This paper tests the theoretical relationship between poverty and crime in India. The motivation is the U.S. diplomatic reports on crime that indicated violent crime rates in India increased by 15.1% even though poverty rate decreased by 0.625% within the same period. To explore the relationship between crime and poverty the standard time series techniques are applied. India is taken as a case study. The results indicate that there is a co-integration between crime and poverty. However, crime is found to be more exogenous than poverty. This finding corroborates with earlier studies in the literature that poverty plays insignificant role in driving crime but crime may keep people in poverty due to factors such as, crime record and education. The implication of the result is that the Indian government needs to strengthen the criminal justice system to fight crime while ensuring a fair distribution of wealth. Jellil & Mansur, 2018.
Escaping and Falling into Poverty in India Today
The study examines the dynamic nature of movements into and out of poverty over a period when poverty has fallen substantially in India. The analysis identifies people who escaped poverty and those who fell into it over the period 2005–12. Using panel data from the India Human Development Survey for 2005 and 2012, they found that the risks of marginalized communities such as Dalits and Adivasis of falling into or remaining in poverty were higher than those for more privileged groups. Some, but not all of these higher risks are explained by educational, financial, and social disadvantages of these groups in 2005. Results from a logistic regression show that some factors that help people escape poverty differ from those that push people into it and that the strength of their effects varies. Amit et all, 2017.
Poverty Among Elderly in India
Poverty estimates are derived under three scenarios—by applying the official cut-off point of the poverty line to household consumption expenditure (unadjusted), consumption expenditure adjusted to household size and consumption expenditure adjusted to household composition. Results show that an estimated 18 million elderly in India are living below the poverty line. On adjusting the consumption expenditure to household size and composition, there are no significant differences in the incidence of poverty among elderly and non-elderly households in India. This is in contrast to the notion that elderly households are better off than non-elderly households in India. Srivastava & Mohanty, 2012.
Long-Term Dynamics of Poverty Transitions in India
Model outcomes suggest that transitions out of poverty outnumber transitions into poverty in recent times, but that there is still a nontrivial proportion of individuals transitioning annually into poverty, highlighting the economic fragility of those near the poverty line. There is also a marked persistence of poverty over time, and although this has been slowly declining, past poverty remains a good predictor of current poverty. Particularly concerning in this context are the income trajectories of those in the bottom decile of the income distribution for whom escape from poverty appears infeasible given extant income dynamics. Sahasranaman, 2021.
Social group disparities and poverty in India.
This paper seeks to provide a profile of social group disparities and poverty in India, where social groups are classified as scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and other social groups, and examine the factors underlying differences in levels of living between these groups and for each group separately. The paper argues that social group disparities in levels of living are the result of historically rooted `social disadvantages’ for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, by way of social exclusion and physical exclusion respectively, which continue to operate in contemporary Indian society. Mutatkar, 2005
The Extent, Nature and Distribution of Child Poverty in India
In December 2006, the UN General Assembly adopted a definition of child poverty which noted that children living in poverty were deprived of (among other things) nutrition, water and sanitation facilities, access to basic health care services, shelter and education. The definition noted that while poverty hurts every human being it is most threatening and harmful to children, leaving them unable to enjoy their rights, to reach their full potential and to participate as full members of the society. Researchers have developed age-specific and gender-sensitive indicators of deprivation which conform to the UN definition of child poverty and which can be used to examine the extent and nature of child poverty in low and middle-income countries. Gordon & Nandy, 2016.
Measuring the Impact of Growth and Income Distribution on Poverty in India
Since the economic reforms of the early 1990s, the Indian economy witnessed a rapid rise in the mean income level, and, simultaneously, changes in the distribution of income. This study tries to capture how these changes affected poverty levels across major states in India. Total change in poverty is decomposed into the changes due to a rise in the mean income level and due to changes in the distribution of income. It is observed that, in India, rapid growth led to a significant decline in poverty though changes in the distribution of income which adversely affected the poor. Dhongde, 2007.
Removing poverty and inequality in India: the role of infrastructure
Developing countries attach enormous importance to physical infrastructure for poverty reduction. The researchers contend that this association is different across types of infrastructure and regions. The present paper explores the multidimensional association between infrastructure and poverty in India in a regional framework. Infrastructural availability improves average living standards and lowers the incidence of poverty but the relation between infrastructural situation and inequality indicates higher inequality in regions with better infrastructure, especially for rural areas. Various sub-components of infrastructure have different impacts on poverty reduction and policy formulations should focus on such differentiated roles while drawing up programmes. Rajarshi, 2012.
Conclusion: From the study it can be concluded that there is a steady decline in poverty in all states of India. There is a co-integration between crime and poverty. It can also be estimated that 18million elderly in India are living below the poverty line. Since the economic reforms of the early 1990s, the Indian economy witnessed a rapid rise in the mean income level and simultaneously changes distribution of income. These changes affected poverty levels across major states in India, infrastructural availability improves average living standards and lowers the incidence of poverty.
REFERENCES:
Akanksha Srivastava & Sanjay Mohanty, 2012. “Poverty Among Elderly in India,” Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 109(3), pages 493-514, December.
Anand Sahasranaman, 2021. “Long-Term Dynamics of Poverty Transitions in India,” Asian Development Review (ADR), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 38(02), pages 213-235, September.
Arvind Panagariya & Megha Mukim, 2014. “A Comprehensive Analysis of Poverty in India,” Asian Development Review, MIT Press, vol. 31(1), pages 1-52, March.
David Gordon & Shailen Nandy, 2016. “The Extent, Nature and Distribution of Child Poverty in India,” Indian Journal of Human Development, , vol. 10(1), pages 64-84, April.
Majumder, Rajarshi, 2012. “Removing poverty and inequality in India: the role of infrastructure,” MPRA Paper 40941, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India,, 2016. “State of the Urban Poor Report 2015: Gender and Urban Poverty,” OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press
Okedina, Jellil & Masih, Mansur, 2018. “The nexus between poverty and crime: evidence from India,” MPRA Paper 109263, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Rohit Mutatkar, 2005. “Social group disparities and poverty in India,” Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2005-004, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
Shatakshee Dhongde, 2007. “Measuring the Impact of Growth and Income Distribution on Poverty in India,” Journal of Income Distribution, Ad libros publications inc., vol. 16(2), pages 25-48, June.
Thorat, Amit & Vanneman, Reeve & Desai, Sonalde & Dubey, Amaresh, 2017. “Escaping and Falling into Poverty in India Today,” World Development, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 413-426.