Corruption in Various Countries
Philippa Dmello
Literature Review
1. Exports & Cross Country Corruption
This research examines the connection between a country’s export structure and corruption, incorporating disaggregated data on exports for a recent time period over a large set of nations. The effects of ore and manufacturing exports are statistically insignificant, agricultural and fuel exports affect corruption significantly. Their findings for fuel exports support previous research, as well as uniquely demonstrate that the impact of fuel exports is sensitive to the prevailing corruption level. They conclude with a discussion of policy implications (Goel & et al, 2009)
2. A decade Corruption in Malaysia
The purpose of this paper is to highlight on Malaysia’s current initiatives and factors that had been found to be of significant importance by previous studies for combating corruption in Malaysia. This study employed structured review process as well as critically examined the contents to ensure that the data are filtered from high-quality peer-reviewed journals (Muhamad & Gani, 2020)
3. Corruption Relationship in OECD Countries
This paper investigates the impact of corruption on unemployment in Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries between1996-2020. The robustness checks with alternative econometric estimations (i.e., difference GMM, fixed effect, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions) and corruption index (i.e., Corruption Perception Index (CPI)) verify the conclusion of system GMM that higher corruption leads to higher unemployment. (Kırşanlı, Fatih, 2023)
4. Corruption in Tax and Taxing the Corruption
In this paper an inquiry is made into how the corruption market works effectively without any intervention. It also explore the possibility of the Ronald Coase theory’s to control the corruption and justifies what intervention is needed to achieve optimal amount of corruption. It concludes that to achieve the optimal amount of corruption in the society all farms of corruptions has to be internalized by introducing a permit and tax for corruption. (Pazhanisamy, 2019)
5. Corruption and Development, Revisited
This paper revisits the issue and aims to contribute to the growing literature of understanding corruption in developing economies and creating the necessary policy response. It answers the following questions: What are the different forms of corruption? What drives corruption? What has been done to address the issue? (Balboa & Takenaka, 2010)
6. Corruption of Banking Sector & Economic growth
They determine the impact using 76 macroeconomic data from various countries over the period 2002–2004. The results of various cross-sectional regressions provide substantial evidence that corruption significantly aggravates the problems with bad loans in the banking sector. They also find some evidence of a new channel through which corruption lowers economic growth; Corruption distorts the allocation of bank funds from normal projects to bad projects, which decreases the quality of private investments, hence it decreases economic growth. (Park & Junghee, 2012)
7. Corruption in emerging Countries
This paper, based on neo-institutional literature, focuses on the influence of organizational isomorphism on corruption in emerging countries. Their findings lead us to conclude that corruption is influenced by coercive, mimetic and competitive isomorphism. This study indicates that the higher the quality of a given institutional framework, the lower the level of corrupt behaviour. They thus conclude that a firm is more likely to resort to corruption if its competitors already adopt corrupt behaviour.
(Bertrand, 2009)
8. Modelling Corruption Perceptions
A dataset of Eastern European and Central Asian countries is used to identify four groups of corrupt activities, which go beyond the usual classification of corruption into administrative and political corruption. Their estimates are validated by means of a direct administrative corruption index that is derived from the same dataset and also by a comparison with the corruption perception rankings that are published by Transparency International. (D’Agostino & Pieroni, 2019)
9. Ethnicisation of corruption in Nigeria
The paper found evidence that corruption was deeply rooted in various ethnic groups that people Nigeria, and this is the major factor militating against measures to combat it. The findings are relevant for understanding the dynamics of corruption and strategies to combat it. The paper’s uniqueness is its departure from the overly researched problems, consequences and causes of corruption to a new area of linking ethnicity to the virulent nature of corruption in Nigeria. It shows a number of evidences of ethnic dimension to corruption escalation in the country.
(Arowolo, 2020)
10. Corruption as an obstacle to sustainable development
In this study, “sustainable development” refers to the process in which various stakeholder interactions take place that influence the established order of relations in the region. The findings suggest that when assessing the effectiveness of a region’s sustainable development, the level of corruption should be considered as an indicator of its stability. Some measures were proposed to improve the organization of anti-corruption work in the Republic of Tatars tan for levelling social tensions in society.
(Frolova & et al, 2019)
11. Conclusion
Corruption is a problem that needs to be overcome as soon as possible, because not only is our country financially lagging behind, it is also degrading the moral values of the country and promoting inhuman acts. Corruption has been identified as one of the greatest obstacles to countries’ developed, undermines institutions and deters further investments
References:
Bertrand Venard, 2009. “Corruption in emerging countries: A matter of isomorphism,”
Dare Ezekiel Arowolo, 2020. “Ethnicisation of corruption in Nigeria,” Journal of Financial Crime, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Giorgio d’Agostino & Luca Pieroni, 2019. “Modelling Corruption Perceptions: Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asian Countries,” Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement
Goel, Rajeev K. & Korhonen, Iikka, 2009. “Composition of exports and cross-country corruption,” BOFIT Discussion Papers 5/2009, Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies (BOFIT)
Irina I. Frolova & Olga Yurievna Voronkova & Natalia Andreevna Alekhina & Irina Kovaleva & Natalia A. Prodanova & Liudmila V. Kashirskaya, 2019. “Corruption as an obstacle to sustainable development: A regional example,” Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center
Jenny D. Balboa & Shinji Takenaka, 2010. “Corruption and Development, Revisited,” Development Economics Working Papers 23088, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
Kırşanlı, Fatih, 2023. “Unemployment – Corruption Relationship in OECD Countries: System GMM Approach,” Business and Economics Research Journal, Uludag University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Nurisyal Muhamad & Norhaninah A. Gani, 2020. “A decade of corruption studies in Malaysia,” Journal of Financial Crime, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Park, Junghee, 2012. “Corruption, soundness of the banking sector, and economic growth: A cross-country study,” Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier
Pazhanisamy, R., 2019. “Corruption in Tax and Taxing the Corruption,” EconStor Preprints 193967, ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics