Topic Name: Effects of Covid-19
Submitted by:
Monalika Nilkanth Donekar.
(MMS) First Year, (JDBIMS).
Introduction:
During the Spring Festival of 2020, the epidemic of COVID-19 broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province, and spread rapidly to the whole country. All cities have taken strict traffic control measures, such as blockading cities, closing down high-speed, civil aviation and railways, restrictions on travel, strict home and other policies, resulting in the city’s external traffic disruption, enterprise shutdown, etc. This not only brings challenges to urban management, but also has a profound impact on the daily life of urban residents
The strictest and most thorough traffic control measures quickly and effectively curb the spread of the epidemic momentum. However, at the beginning of the Spring Festival Travel Rush, a large number of people concentrated in returning home, visiting relatives and returning to the city during this period, these mobile populations contain a large number of unrecorded infections, which appears to have facilitated the rapid spread of the virus throughout China after that in the whole world.
Objectives: To study the effects of Covid-19
Effects of covid-19:
1. On urban population flow in China:
Chen et al (2021), says, the spatial pattern and evolutionary characteristics of urban population flow network structure under the influence of the COVID-19 in China and adopt the effective distance model to further explore the correlation between population flow and the spread of the epidemic to obtain the better fitting effect of the model. The results show that COVID-19 epidemic has had a tremendous impact on the scale and direction of population flow in urban areas across the country, resulting in a “central collapse” pattern in some areas, but it has still not broken the overall pattern of “eastern is more than western in the mass” of population distribution and migration on both sides of the “Hu Line”. The geographical proximity effect and the hierarchical structure dominated by the four urban agglomerations of Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration, were the two major patterns of population movement during the epidemic period. The population flow during the epidemic prevention and control period is mainly intra-provincial mobility, accompanied by a small number of high-intensity short-distance cross-provincial travel. The long-distance cross-provincial migration has decreased, especially in Hubei Province, which is the worst affected area of the epidemic. Through the analysis of network structure, it is found that only the first stage of population flow network has a large clustering coefficient and a relatively short average path length, which is consistent with the characteristics of small-world network. The impact of the epidemic significantly altered the topological characteristics of the population flow networks in the remaining phases. Based on the regression analysis of two kinds of distance models, the results show that there is a significant linear relationship between the effective distance from Wuhan to the destination and the cumulative confirmed case series of the COVID-19, both at provincial level and national level.
2. On education:
Ilieva et al (2021), says, a significant number of students have faced enormous challenges and a proportion of them are unable to attend online classes. Low-income students who do not live at home face more difficulties in distance learning due to poor Internet connection or lack of an electronic device. Poverty further exacerbates the problem of digitalisation of education in this health crisis. The students support distance learning as a temporary way to deal with the situation. Some of the advantages of distance learning are: almost 100% fixed broadband Internet coverage with decent speeds countywide, wide application of LMS in teaching–learning–examination process.
there are some problems in distance learning as follows: lack of legal regulations, lack of motivation and technological training of some lecturers, lack of technological training and financial support for some of the universities’ students, lack of effective control over the quality of teaching and the objectivity in assessment.
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced universities to conduct online learning, requiring lecturers to create innovative e-learning methods and students to be ready to adapt and show high interest in learning.
3. On international capital market:
Paulo Vitor Souza et al (2020), says, The COVID-19 pandemic created a major uncertainty shock – even more significant than the one created by the 2008-09 financial crisis – and this increase in uncertainty may be associated, among others, with measures that result in restrictions on economic activities The first reported coronavirus disease appears in Wuhan, a city located in Hubei Province, China. This disease has spread rapidly around the world, and on March 27th, 2020, it reached a total number of cases over 460,000, with over 20,000 deaths worldwide. Since then, while the number of new cases has stabilized in China, the number of cases has grown exponentially worldwide. Thus, as a way to prevent the massive spread of the virus, federal, state, and local governments around the world have adopted measures to control its spread and limit the economic burden that the disease imposes. The measures related to travel restrictions, social distancing, and other policies to contain the virus have the objective of maintaining the health care of the world population. However, these policies bring economic damages, having instantaneous reflex damages in the stock markets, as observed. the effects that the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic has had on capital markets worldwide, this study presents the following hypotheses: H1: The crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic generated an increase in the correlation presented by the prices of indices representing international capital markets. H2: The crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the returns of the representative indices of the international capital markets. H3: The crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic affected the efficiency behaviour of the representative indexes of the international capital markets.
4. On Vaccines:
Furceri et al (2021), says, Vaccines against the coronavirus disease are key to exiting the health and economic crises that COVID-19 has brought about. For preventing COVID-19, different types of vaccines are available, for treating COVID-19, only Remdesivir medicine is authorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and it is being used on hospitalized patients who are given supplemental oxygen treatment. a novel daily database of high-frequency economic indicators—NO2 emissions, CO emissions, and Google mobility indices, combined with data on new COVID-19 cases, vaccinations, and surprises in vaccines administered, as well as data on non-pharmaceutical intervention. COVID-19 vaccines have a large and statistically significant effect on economic activity. A surprise increase in vaccinations by 10% of population is associated with an increase in daily per capita NO2 emissions of about 0.3 standard deviations. This is equivalent to going from a full lockdown to containment measures equivalent to a stringency level of 0.5. We get similar significant results for mobility, with a 10-percentage points vaccine surprise associated with an increase in mobility of 5 percentage points. CO emissions also increase in response to increased vaccine surprises, but with a lag. These results are robust to alternative specifications and, as our result show, the magnitude of the effect is likely to increase with higher vacation rates. We also find that the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on economic activity varies depending on the level of stringency measures imposed in a country, as well as on the severity of the pandemic outbreak in a country. Namely, the results suggest that the impact of vaccines rollouts may not lead to an immediate improvement in economic outcomes if strong containment measures need to be maintained at the same time. In addition, we find that the effect of vaccines on economic activity is more muted when a country is experiencing a severe outbreak, or when COVID-19 cases are high. Finally, the results provide evidence on the importance of an even access to vaccines across nations, as we find that countries can be affected by pandemic spill overs via trade linkages with their main trading partners. Namely, we find that while COVID-19 cases in main trading partner countries can dampen local economic activity in a country, rollouts of vaccines have the opposing effect, boosting local economic activity and thus speeding up the global recovery.
5. On eating and sleeping behaviour:
da Silva et al (2020), says, Sleep is a physiological and behavioural state which plays an essential role in the homeostasis, energy metabolism, and cognitive function. Circadian rhythms coordinate most biological processes, requiring endogenous and peripheral clocks, which regulate the rhythm of physiological functions such as heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, hormonal secretion, macronutrient metabolism, energy metabolism, and gastrointestinal functions. There is a direct relationship between sleep and eating behaviours, and both are related to the impacts of physical isolation. There is an influence of eating disorders on the sleeping quality, and the pandemic can predispose to eating disorders and sleeping disturbance due to more free time, more stress, and anxiety on the individual. These factors can negatively affect sleep, which in turn impacts eating habits, inducing stress, which becomes a feedback cycle, contributing to sleep disorders.
6. On pregnant woman:
Siddiqui Sazada et al (2021), says, Pregnant women are at an elevated possibility of getting COVID-19 infection because of the functional changes in their immunology and physiology. Earlier findings have suggested that if pregnant women get infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), they pose a major risk of restricted fetal growth, premature labour, and unprompted miscarriages. In a current study, it has been stated that there is a considerable effect on the coagulation, respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular functions in pregnant women due to physiological variations and this may highly affect the COVID-19 progression in them positively or negatively. To date, pregnant women who were ill by COVID-19 have shown few neonatal and maternal problems. The effects of covid-19 in pregnancy needs to be ascertained. For efficient management, pregnant women ill with COVID-19 must be kept in isolation and then transferred to a well-equipped hospital with adequate health amenities and expert heath care workers. After the check-up, the pregnant woman is sorted as having mild illness, which means symptomatic having steady essential symptoms; severe illness, which means frequency of respiration is greater than or equal to 30 per minute and oxygen concentration is less than or equal to 300 mm Hg; or critical illness, which means mechanical ventilator is essential because of respiratory failure and shock associated with organ collapse.
7. On the cardiovascular system:
Arévalos et al (2021), says, Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the cardiovascular system had been closely linked to this disease. The acute cardiovascular involvement, including myocardial injury, ACS, myocarditis, and PE, is related to worse short-term outcomes and mortality. Several mechanisms are probably implicated. However, cardiac damage seems to be multi-factorial, with a key role in impaired regulation of RAAS, inflammation, and coagulopathy disorders. Imaging explorations, specially CMR, have provided accurate information about structural and functional changes in the acute and post-acute phases. Moreover, this diagnostic tool will be fundamental in long-term assessments of cardiac involvement. With the evolution of the pandemic, COVID-19 survivors will have to face new challenges, such as chronic sequelae and persistent symptoms that are part of Long COVID. This last syndrome will open a new window in biomedical research with several questions to be answered.
8. On children’s:
Arafa et al (2021), says, the lockdown is associated with poor social and emotional well-being in adults. Children and adolescents may be more susceptible because of home confinement, school closure, lack of in-person contact with classmates, friends and teachers, and limitation in personal space at home. children were more bored, irritable, more likely to argue with the rest of the family, nervous, reluctant, lonely, angry, restless, cries easily, difficulty concentrating, anxious, dependent on us, sad, uneasy, frustrated, worried, and were afraid of COVID-19 infection during the lockdown compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. In addition, screen time usage has also increased. Physical activity and sleeping hours have been decreased.
9. On Energy Consumption:
Aruga et al (2020), says, As COVID-19 spread out worldwide, India was not an exception to the high infection rate of the virus, and the government had to impose severe stay-at-home restrictions. The energy consumption in India plummeted dramatically by the end of March 2020 because of this lockdown regulation. However, since the end of April, energy consumption started to recover as the regulation relaxed. This study investigated how India has recovered its energy consumption after the decline in its energy consumption in March 2020. We investigated if the release of lockdown positively influenced the energy consumption (H1) and if this positive reaction differed among regions at different average income levels. We examined if regions with higher income levels were more likely to recover their energy consumption to pre-crisis levels faster than those with lower income levels (H2). The results of our analyses indicated that both hypotheses H1 and H2 prevailed. This implies that even during the middle of the spread of the pandemic, energy consumption increased as lockdown regulation relaxed.
10. On ocean:
Ghali et al, says, the novel corona virus has slowed down a lot of human activities in the world. A lockdown for a period of 2 months, due to the pandemic, was enough to cause a drop of 7% of the anthropogonic CO2 in the atmosphere. In addition to the world in general, the excess of the anthropogonic CO2 emission in the atmosphere has always been a threat to the oceans as well. Oceans play a key role to buffer the greenhouse effect, but in the process, it becomes warmer, more acidic, and less oxygenated. While there have already been investigations done on the effect of pandemic on atmosphere, the question what happens to oceans during the pandemic remains unanswered. Often Chlorophyll-a, Particulate organic and inorganic carbon (PIC: POC) and sea surface temperature (SST), are used to indicate the productivity of oceans. Herein, satellite-derived estimates of the aforementioned parameters are used. Based on these estimates, a drop in Chlorophyll-a is observed off Alaska, North Europe, South China and Southeast USA during the pandemic. CO2 reduction of 123 MtCO2 during the pandemic in China might have caused reduction in mean Chlorophyll-a by around 5% (2.5 to 1.6 mgm-3). Reduction of Chlorophyll-a during the pandemic is mostly associated with the reduction of PIC: POC. The pandemic demonstrates noticeable effect on Chlorophyll-a and/or SST. A cooling response of 0.5 oC in mean SST is observed over most of the coastal areas, especially off Alaska, north Indian ocean and eastern Pacific. The decrease in the CO2 emissions in India by 30% during the pandemic translates into a drop of mean SST in the north Indian ocean by 5%. All these suggest that maintaining global activities as sustainable as the pandemic period, can help to recover the oceans.
11. Summary:
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely changed the daily lives of all individuals in a very short period worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments around the world to impose tough restrictions on daily life to prevent the spread of the virus. With these restrictions, roads and airports are nearly empty, shops and restaurants are closed, and industrial activities are largely at a halt worldwide. limited travel, imposed quarantines, lockdowns, suspended public gatherings, and closed businesses as well as universities and schools are only some of the policies and measures that most countries have adopted to limit the spread and mitigate the negative health outcomes of the virus. these policy measures have affected most sectors.
COVID-19 is highly infectious. They are spread mainly by human-to-human contact. The principal source of transmission is respiratory droplets released by coughing or sneezing, which are deposited in the surrounding areas. There are good chances of transmission of infection to persons who come in 6 feet of the infected patient. It is necessary to regularly clean surfaces and objects which have come into contact with an infected person since COVID-19 can remain alive on surfaces that are non-living. Hence, prevention is most crucial to avoid COVID-19 from multiplying further. Within 2 to 14 days of exposure to COVID-19, different types of symptoms start appearing, such as cough, sore throat, running nose, headache, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing. Severe symptoms such as liver, heart, and kidney injury are also reported. The severity of infectivity might be reliant on the health of the individual. If a person has pre-existing health problems like abnormal blood pressure, lung illnesses and diabetes, the infection might be more severe. Elderly people are at greater risk of COVID-19 infection. For the identification of virus-causing respiratory diseases and for the prognosis of COVID-19, computed tomography (CT) scans and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests are carried out.
During this period of lockdown, it was reported that students suffer mostly from problems caused by the quality of Internet connectivity. Students also face problems related to the lack of study room and the lack of sufficient interest among lecturers to teach online. It was announced also during this period of lockdown that students suffer from depression and anxiety. Students also face problems related to the lack of a suitable communication device. Students living in rural and remote areas faced more often slow internet connection. The low economic status is a reason for the lack of appropriate physical learning environment. The risk of COVID-19 in higher education has affected all its degrees and forms of training. Unexpectedly, a whole generation of young people has had to continue its education in a different way in an unusual situation. But advantage of covid-19 is The students utilize various platforms for training, learning material sharing and assessment. The results show that the majority of respondents use Google Meet to attend e-classes, followed by Zoom, YouTube and Microsoft Team. The students rely on different platforms to receive study materials during the lockdown period. It is noted that an insignificant part of the students received shared study materials by e-mail.
after the pandemic, the markets started to be more correlated, and they present significant differences in their correlation coefficients, which denotes that the pandemic significantly affected the prices of these securities, which started to follow the same course, that is, they were negatively affected by the pandemic.
Since the beginning of the pandemic, the population has been exposed to a substantial period of social isolation, also called self-quarantine. Quarantine requires people to stay at home, changing their lifestyles, and inducing people to work at home, which becomes a stressor, considering that it does not have a vaccine and can only be treated symptomatically at present. People lifestyles were changed since the COVID-19 pandemic started, especially sleep, nutrition, and physical activity habits, and during confinement, it could become difficult to shop for fresh groceries, and besides that, shortages of certain food products might happen, causing disruptions in food chains around the world.
12. References:
Arafa, L., Orani, A. A., & Baqleh, R. (2021). Long-term psychological effects of COVID-19 pandemic on children in jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7795. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157795
Arévalos, V., Ortega-Paz, L., Rodríguez-Arias, J. J., Margarita Calvo López, Castrillo-Golvano, L., Salazar-Rodríguez, A., . . . Brugaletta, S. (2021). Acute and chronic effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 8(10), 128. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8100128
Aruga, K., Md, M. I., & Jannat, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on indian energy consumption. Sustainability, 12(14), 5616. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145616
da Silva, F. R., Junior Antonio, H. L., Martins, B. V., Lôbo Ingrid, L. B., Lancha Luciana, O. P., Andressa, S., & de Mello Marco Túlio. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 quarantine on eating and sleeping behaviors. Nutrire, 45(2) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41110-020-00128-y
Effects of COVID-19 on urban population flow in china. (2021). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1617. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041617
Furceri, D., Deb, P., Kothari, S., Tawk, N., Jimenez, D., & Mr Jonathan, D. O. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 vaccines on economic activity. St. Louis: Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/working-papers/effects-covid-19-vaccines-on-economic-activity/docview/2600113666/se-2
Ilieva, G., Yankova, T., Klisarova-Belcheva, S., & Ivanova, S. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on university students’ learning. Information, 12(4), 163. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12040163
Paulo Vitor Souza, D. S., & César Augusto Tibúrcio Silva. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on international capital markets. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(6), 163-171. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effects-covid-19-pandemic-on-international/docview/2485453123/se-2
Sazada, S., & Yassin, H. M. (2021). Effects of covid-19 on pregnancy. Saudi Medical Journal, 42(7), 798-800. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15537/smj.2021.42.7.20210045