BRAIN DRAIN- Human Capital Flight
By-Shreya Y. Jaiswal
Introduction:
Human capital flight refers to the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home. The net benefits of human capital flight for the receiving country are sometimes referred to as a “brain gain” whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a “brain drain”. In occupations with a surplus of graduates, immigration of foreign-trained professionals can aggravate the underemployment of domestic graduates, whereas emigration from an area with a surplus of trained people leads to better opportunities for those remaining. But emigration may cause problems for the home country if the trained people are in short supply there.
Research shows that there are significant economic benefits of human capital flight for the migrants themselves and for the receiving country. The impact on the country of origin is less straightforward, with research suggesting the impact can be positive, or mixed. Research also suggests that emigration, remittances, and return migration can have a positive impact on democratization and on the quality of political institutions in the country of origin.
Objectives-
The broad objective of the study of brain drain is mentioned below-
1. To present the finding and result about brain drain.
2. To keep a record of data related to brain drain.
3. To attract the attention of people about the new trend of brain drain in most countries.
4. To spread the awareness of brain drain so that countries take effective action against this.
Problem Recognition-
Brain drain is the phenomenon whereby nations lose skilled labor because there are better-paid jobs elsewhere. In recent years, this has affected financially unstable countries more.
ARTICLE 1
Apostu, S. A., Vasile, V., et al, talks about how brain drain has followed an upward trend. The purpose of this article is to identify the push factors that influence the physicians’ decision to migrate from Romania. This matter is a global issue. When educated people leave a country to work for another, the country will be affected by having a less skilled population. This will result in slow or no growth. The results of the research paper indicated the main factors that influenced the decision to migrate: increased income, access to improved technology, the atmosphere of general security and stability, and improved perspectives for children. Most respondents considered that physicians in developing areas register highly specialized skills that they can more effectively use in developed countries, with physician migration exacerbating deficiencies in rural and public areas.
ARTICLE 2
Baptiste, Nathalie (25 February 2014) tells us about the migration of highly skilled workers can pay dividends for immigrants and their employers, but it produces losers as well. This study highlighted the involuntary and forced nature of reverse migration due to the sudden lockdown, lack of preparedness and planning among the government, the irresponsible behavior of the employers, and social hostility against the migrants. Lack of migrant data and registration in welfare schemes excluded most of them from the relief package benefits. The COVID-19 crisis has magnified several pre-existing problems faced by the migrant communities which led them to suffer invariably at different stages of their reverse migration. This crisis, therefore, should be used as an opportunity to bring positive measures and requires strong political will to implement them. The Indian Community Welfare Fund should be mobilized not only in times of crisis but also in reducing the migration costs for international migrants. For better policymaking, the government must integrate with the civil society which has good outreach to the migrant communities at the grass-root level.
ARTICLE 3
Dodani S, LaPorte RE talks about how scientists who have emigrated for several reasons are recoverable assets who can play a part in developing opportunities at home. However, recovery requires the opening of diverse and creative conduits. The health services in the developing world must be supported to maintain their skilled personnel. Only when health staff, whatever their cadre, have the tools they require to do their job, training opportunities, a network of supportive colleagues, and recognition for the difficult job they do, are they likely to feel motivated to stay put when the opportunity beckons from elsewhere. Foreign professionals could be used to develop innovative graduate education opportunities at home and technology to be transferred to areas of national priority for research and development. Ultimately, involving individuals who are living abroad in creating opportunities at home favors both the retention and repatriation of national talent. Building an enlightened leadership and an enabling national scientific community, with the help of expatriate citizens, for the coherent development of scientific and technological capacity in developing countries will be mutually beneficial.
ARTICLE 4
Eissazade, N., Hemmati, et al, discusses that there is a significant willingness to migrate psychiatric trainees and early career psychiatrists in Iran. Addressing their professional needs, and improving the political context, the work conditions, and their finances might lower the rate of migratory intention and brain drain. This study calls for more care and support for psychiatric trainees and early career psychiatrists in the healthcare system in Iran. This study recommends that psychiatric trainees and early career psychiatrists need to be supported and provided with efficient academic opportunities and facilities, higher salaries, and a pleasant workplace, which may decrease their willingness to migrate. Further investigation is needed to develop and implement a functional management plan.
ARTICLE 5
Khan, A., & Arokkiaraj, H. (2021) talk about This study highlighted the various aspects where the experiences of the internal and international migrants differed as well as converged especially during the pandemic. Some obvious differences were on account of them being separate categories in terms of their work destinations and migration process. However, as far as the differences in terms of the disparate media attention, share in relief packages and reintegrative measures, high costs of migration, and maintenance of proper databases, all these can be commonly attributable to governmental neglect of migrants. The convergences drawn in this study are therefore important to highlight the general vulnerability of the migrants, irrespective of their category, even though both the origin and destination states benefit from migration. Their experiences converged in terms of the lack of planning and protection for the migrant community which led to them being stranded, economic challenges such as wage theft, retrenchments, survival on meager savings, lack of social security protection, lack of governmental and employer accountability, social discrimination, and hostility, mobility issues both before and after repatriation, difficulty in access to justice, ineffective reintegrative measures and vulnerability especially of the low-skilled workers.
ARTICLE 6
Quy, V. K., et al, Due to concern about air pollution, urban residents may try to migrate. The brain drain phenomenon occurs when highly educated people leave their living areas. Our study provided evidence that this happens on both national and international scales to the population of Hanoi, Vietnam. The brain drain effect can be considered “out of the blue” due to two different reasons from two perspectives. Regarding the residents’ perspectives, they want to relocate out of the undesirable polluted zone. From researchers’ perspectives, the effect is found to be non-linear and influenced by many economic socio-cultural factors. The mechanism of migration ideation is multiplex and requires careful consideration of socio-economic aspects as well as local cultural values. None of these can be under the control of any resident, and the level of pollution that leads to a migration intent could hardly be known.
ARTICLE 7
Alejandro Vega-Muñoz, et al, the article contributes to the study about the conceptualization of elites’ migratory phenomenon defined as brain drain, in a broader disciplinary scope that are 99 WoS categories with a focus and more detail on 24 of them. Instead, the article does not just focus on a single category of knowledge production. The specialties delimitations are recognized as a relevant problem in the study of the mobility of elites at the micro-level; thus, this article manages to differentiate itself from other contemporary studies that give coverage of specific disciplines, either in economics, in artificial intelligence, or communication. The present article contributes to the literature by presenting a general and updated analysis of the brain drain concept usage and its expansion in the last 55 years. The study is reliable because using the database -see supplements- any researcher can replicate the study.
ARTICLE 8
Van Schalkwyk, et al, tells us about a positive development is that doctoral graduates from other African countries are more readily granted South African work permits if they meet the requirement of providing critical skills. (These skills are all in technical and scientific areas; apparently, there are no critical shortages in the arts and social sciences.) However, policies that rest on the principle of ‘not displacing South Africans’, while at the same time extracting scarce skills from other developing countries in Africa, attest to a lack of appreciation of the scientific and developmental benefits of brain circulation. Such policies are also in contradiction with Africa-wide collaboration and the intentions of the recently signed free trade agreement. A formal definition of brain drain is one that offers the thesaurus of the Education Resources Information Center-ERIC as the “Loss of highly skilled or educated persons from one country, region, institution, or job sector to another, based on better pay, improved living conditions, expanded opportunities, between others”. Many influences generated locally and globally govern brain loss at the international level.
ARTICLE 9
Weiss, J., et al, tells us about The loss of educated people can be associated with a lack of institutional capacity to absorb and use advanced intellectual capital. The phenomenon generates a decrease in the intellectual capital of the country of origin, but at the same time, an increase in political instability and the degree of fractionation of that country. Its measurement focuses on the migration of nationals with tertiary education, but mainly physicians and professors. The results of the study clearly point to necessary steps for successful policies in the future. Building on research from Weiss and Hörisch, who argued that implemented labor market policies have to match the work values of individuals in order to be successful, the results of the present study suggest that European policies to combat youth unemployment must take into account young adults’ perspectives and, in this case, specifically address their (un)willingness to be mobile. Concurrently, it also shows that it is important for research on labor migration dynamics to consider the goals, motivations, and willingness of young adults more fully.
ARTICLE 10
William J. Carrington, et al, talks about all the migrants from other countries due to brain drain. The estimate in this paper shows that there is an overall tendency for migration rates to be higher for higher skill sets suggesting that the migrants are generally better educated than the average population. Within the present study, it was shown that young adults were less willing to move to another country than to move within their own country to find a job. The willingness to move was generally influenced by various factors. For example, a worse personal economic situation led to a higher willingness to move for a new job both within and to another country. Coming from a rural area, or being married, on the other hand, reduced the willingness to move to another country. It was particularly interesting to see that the more rural the environment in which one lived, the more willing one was to move within one’s own country and the less willing one was to move to another country to find a job. Overall, the analysis clearly demonstrated that moving from one’s own country to another country is characterized by different levels of willingness and is associated with different hurdles. Here, many young adults appear unwilling to move to another country in order to find a job.
SUMMARY
Brain drain is defined as the migration of health personnel in search of a better standard of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology, and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide. This migration of health professionals for better opportunities, both within countries and across international borders, is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on health systems in developing countries. Scientists who have emigrated for several reasons are recoverable assets who can play a part in developing opportunities at home. However, recovery requires the opening of diverse and creative conduits. The health services in the developing world must be supported to maintain their skilled personnel. Only when health staff, whatever their cadre, have the tools they require to do their job, training opportunities, a network of supportive colleagues, and recognition for the difficult job they do, are they likely to feel motivated to stay put when the opportunity beckons from elsewhere. Foreign professionals could be used to develop innovative graduate education opportunities at home and technology to be transferred to areas of national priority for research and development. Ultimately, involving individuals who are living abroad in creating opportunities at home favors both the retention and repatriation of national talent. Building an enlightened leadership and an enabling national scientific community, with the help of expatriate citizens, for the coherent development of scientific and technological capacity in developing countries will be mutually beneficial.
Reference –
1. Apostu, S. A., Vasile, V., Marin, E., & Bunduchi, E. (2022). Factors influencing physicians Migration—A case study from Romania. Mathematics, 10(3), 505. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10030505
2. Baptiste, Nathalie (25 February 2014). “Brain Drain and the Politics of Immigration”. Foreign Policy In Focus. Institute for Policy Studies. Retrieved 15 June 2018. The migration of highly skilled workers can pay dividends for immigrants and their employers, but it produces losers as well.
3. Dodani S, LaPorte RE. Brain drain from developing countries: how can brain drain be converted into wisdom gain?. J R Soc Med. 2005;98(11):487-491. doi:10.1258/jrsm.98.11.487
4. Eissazade, N., Hemmati, D., Ahlzadeh, N., Shalbafan, M., Askari-Diarjani, A., Mohammadsadeghi, H., & Mariana Pinto, d. C. (2021). Attitude towards migration of psychiatric trainees and early career psychiatrists in iran. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1-7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02926-y
5. Khan, A., & Arokkiaraj, H. (2021). Challenges of reverse migration in india: A comparative study of internal and international migrant workers in the post-COVID economy. Comparative Migration Studies, 9(1) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00260-2
6. Quy, V. K., Minh-Hoang Nguyen, Tam-Tri Le, Truc-Le Nguyen, Nguyen, T., Lich, H. K., & Quan-Hoang Vuong. (2022). Brain drain out of the blue: Pollution-induced migration in vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3645. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063645
7. Recognizing new trends in brain drain studies in the framework of global sustainability. (2021). Sustainability, 13(6), 3195. Alejandro Vega-Muñoz 1 , Paloma Gónzalez-Gómez-del-Miño 2 and Juan Felipe Espinosa-Cristia 3doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063195
8. van Schalkwyk, F.,B., van Lill, M.,H., & Cloete, N. (2021). Brain circuity: The case of south africa as a hub for doctoral education. South African Journal of Science, 117(9), 1-9. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/10674
9. Weiss, J., Ferrante, L., & Soler-Porta, M. (2021). There is no place like home! how willing are young adults to move to find a job? Sustainability, 13(13), 7494. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137494
10. William J. Carrington and Enrica Detragiache, 1998, “How Big Is the Brain Drain?” IMF Working Paper 98/102 (Washington)