AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
The Role of Agricultural Extension in Rural Poverty Reduction of Eritrea: An Analysis
RENA R. {2007}states that the agricultural extension system in Eritrea plays a pivotal role in poverty reduction by disseminating modern farming techniques and knowledge to smallholder farmers. It aims to enhance productivity, income, and food security while addressing rural poverty. The extension system operates through a hierarchical structure, engaging trained contact farmers as intermediaries between the government and rural communities. However, challenges persist, including limited resources, inadequate staffing at grassroots levels, and the need for stronger linkage between research and extension services. Efforts to improve extension efficiency involve enhancing coordination with research institutions, empowering farmers’ organizations, and securing adequate funding. The government’s comprehensive Agricultural Development Policy underscores the importance of extension education and collaborative efforts to uplift rural livelihoods and boost agricultural productivity, thus contributing to poverty alleviation in Eritrea.
In Eritrea, the agricultural extension system serves as a vital tool for poverty reduction, aiming to educate farmers on modern agricultural practices and technologies. Despite resource constraints, the system operates through a tiered structure, with contact farmers acting as crucial links between rural communities and extension services. Challenges such as limited staffing and funding underscore the need for stronger coordination between research and extension, as well as increased investment in human capital development. The government’s Agricultural Development Policy emphasizes the role of extension in enhancing productivity and improving rural livelihoods, highlighting the importance of collaborative efforts to combat poverty in Eritrea.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
Irrigation, Agriculture, Livelihood and Poverty Linkages in Odisha
Souvik Ghosh {2012} explores the relationships between irrigation, agriculture, livelihood, and poverty across various districts in Odisha. The study utilizes different indexes to assess the district-wise scenario, revealing significant associations between irrigation development, agricultural productivity, and poverty levels. Key findings include:
– Varied levels of irrigation potential utilization across districts, with some achieving high levels of utilization while others remain underutilized.
– Groundwater development index varies significantly, with most districts showing low to very low values, affecting overall irrigation potential.
– Agricultural development indexes highlight disparities among districts, with some exhibiting higher agricultural productivity and others lagging behind.
– Poverty levels correlate with agricultural development, with districts like Nawapara, Malkangiri, and Boudh facing higher poverty rates.
– Links between irrigation, agriculture, livelihood, and poverty are explored, revealing complex relationships and identifying districts with interconnected challenges.
– The study underscores the need for targeted policies and planning to address the specific development needs of each district, considering the interplay between irrigation resources, agricultural productivity, poverty, and livelihoods.
Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the developmental dynamics of Odisha’s districts, highlighting areas for intervention and policy formulation to promote inclusive growth and poverty alleviation.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
Urbanization and Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of Pakistan
Muhammad Shahbaz`s {2010} research study delves into the intricate relationship between urbanization and poverty reduction in Pakistan, employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds testing approach.
Subsequently, employing bounds testing for cointegration, the study identifies a significant long-run relationship among the variables, signifying their synchronized movement. Intinvestigates the long-run elasticities of poverty concerning various factors, revealing the substantial impacts of international remittances and trade openness on poverty reduction.
Furthermore, through a short-run dynamics model, the study examines the immediate effects of economic shocks, urbanization, taxes, and other factors on poverty levels. It uncovers that while economic shocks and taxes tend to increase poverty in the short run, variables such as urbanization and agricultural efficiency contribute to poverty reduction.
In conclusion, the study underscores several policy implications, emphasizing the critical need for targeted interventions to address urbanization-related challenges and enhance poverty reduction efforts in Pakistan. It advocates for initiatives aimed at providing basic necessities to urban populations, enhancing infrastructure, and promoting market institutional development to stimulate employment opportunities, particularly in rural areas. Ultimately, the study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders striving to alleviate poverty and foster sustainable urban development in Pakistan.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
A Journey of Socialistic Pattern of Society to Globalisation and then to Aatam Nirbhar Bharat
RUSTAGI {2022} explain the India’s economic trajectory, beginning with challenges such as fiscal deficits and inflation due to rising crude oil prices, leading to the implementation of the New Economic Policy in 1991. This policy, emphasizing liberalization, privatization, and globalization , aimed to boost private sector participation and foreign investment while rationalizing economic policies and reducing tariffs.
India experienced fluctuating per capita income growth influenced by colonial legacies and planned economic development, with significant positive changes following the adoption of the new economic policy. Recent trends include ambitions to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25, but the COVID-19 pandemic caused GDP contractions, increased unemployment, and challenges in achieving sustainable development goals, leading to a slip in rankings.
Policy suggestions include investing in healthcare, implementing the National Education Policy for skill development, addressing environmental concerns, and focusing on population planning. However, limitations in data reliability underscore the need for further research. Overall, India’s economic journey reflects a mix of achievements and ongoing challenges, necessitating nuanced policy responses to sustain growth and development.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
The effects of macroeconomic factors on South African agriculture:
Joseph M. Kargbo {2007} discusses the effects of macroeconomic factors on South African agriculture through statistical models spanning various years. The study explores short-run estimates of real producer and input prices, revealing significant impacts of variables like interest rates, inflation, and money supply (M3) on agricultural prices. Exchange rate shocks are found to positively influence real net farm income, while droughts and interest rate shocks have negative effects. The research emphasizes the importance of considering the intricate relationships between macroeconomic variables and their implications for agriculture. Additionally, experiments with different variable orderings reveal insights into monetary policy and exchange rate determinants. Variance decompositions highlight the strong feedback between agricultural prices, real exchange rates, and other variables, underscoring agriculture’s role in macroeconomic stability. The findings suggest that policy makers should carefully assess the impacts of their decisions on relative prices, resource allocation, and profitability in the agricultural sector to support economic growth and poverty reduction.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
Agricultural Productivity Growth, Rural Economic Diversity, and Economic Reforms: India, 1970–2000:
Andrew D. Foster {2004} study the relationship between agricultural productivity growth and the expansion of the nonfarm sector in rural India. It highlights empirical evidence suggesting that the growth of rural industry, rather than being tied to agricultural productivity growth, is more prominent in areas with lower agricultural productivity growth. The data presented show that factory employment increased significantly in low-growth areas, indicating that factory capital tends to move to regions with lower wages or slower wage growth. This suggests a dynamic where rural industry seeks out low-wage areas for investment. Furthermore, the study indicates that increases in agricultural productivity did not necessarily lead to higher nonfarm incomes, challenging the notion that agricultural development is a primary driver of rural nonfarm sector growth. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of understanding the complex dynamics between agricultural and nonfarm sectors in rural economic development, highlighting the role of factors such as wage differentials and capital mobility in shaping regional economic outcomes.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
Farm Productivity and Rural Poverty in Uttar Pradesh: A Regional Perspective:
Lalmani Pandey {2012} investigates agricultural productivity and its impact on rural poverty in Uttar Pradesh, India. Analyzing data from 2005-2008 at the district level, they find significant variations in agricultural performance across regions, influenced by factors like irrigation, fertilizer use, and cropping patterns. The Western region emerges as the most agriculturally progressive, while Bundelkhand faces low productivity and high poverty rates.
The authors establish a strong correlation between agricultural productivity and poverty reduction, with a 10% increase in land productivity potentially reducing poverty by 4.3%. Conversely, a 10% reduction in the agricultural labor force could decrease poverty by 7.7%. They emphasize the need for non-farm employment opportunities and the cultivation of high-value crops to improve rural livelihoods.
Their econometric analysis underscores the importance of irrigation, fertilizer use, and crop diversification in enhancing agricultural productivity. The study underscores the importance of tailored, region-specific development strategies to combat rural poverty effectively, advocating for increased public investment in irrigation and incentives for agricultural diversification. Overall, the research sheds light on the complex dynamics between agricultural productivity and poverty, providing valuable insights for policy formulation and rural development initiatives in Uttar Pradesh.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
Free Trade in Agriculture and Global Poverty:
Maurizio Bussolo {2011} discusses the potential impacts of agricultural trade liberalization on global poverty and inequality. It suggests that while the liberalization of agriculture and food markets may not significantly affect extreme poverty, it could lead to a slight decrease in moderate poverty globally. However, regional trends vary, with extreme poverty decreasing in most regions except for the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia, where it remains stable or increases.
In terms of distributional changes, the effects of agricultural trade reform are mild but show distinct regional patterns. Inequality tends to decrease in regions with initially high inequality, such as Latin America, but increases in regions like South Asia, characterized by low initial inequality. The analysis emphasizes the importance of considering other complementary policies alongside trade reform for effective poverty reduction.
Furthermore, the article highlights some limitations, including its focus on static efficiency gains and labor income changes. It suggests that while trade liberalization can contribute positively to poverty reduction, its overall impact is complex and depends on various factors, including regional disparities and growth effects. Thus, the findings underscore the need for a nuanced approach to agricultural trade policy and poverty alleviation efforts.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
The bio-revolution in agriculture: Key to poverty alleviation in the Third World:
Iftikhar Ahmed {1988} states that bio revolution field of agriculture contains both pro- and anti-poor elements. Despite the immense scope for exploiting the pro-poor potential, the corporate sector is vigorously pursuing strategies, both technological and institutional, whose outcome totally anti-poor The is pro-poor features of the BR can be summed up as follows: (i) s: (i) a reduction in the farmer’s cost of production by eliminating the dependency on petro- chemical inputs created by the GR; (ii) wider geographical applicability (significant for Africa) can be expected to increase food availability and boost the purchasing power of the poorest populations in areas neglected by the GR; the BR is also likely to bring jobs for would-be migrants to these areas; (iii) the BR will affect commodities produced and consumed by the poor in addition to the limited range of cereals covered by the GR; (iv) compared with the GR, the demand for agricultural labour will in general remain undiminished (particularly significant for Asia where the poorest are the landless workers), provided the labour-displacing herbicide-resistant plant varieties do not invade the Third World; (v) it is is probable that the time-lag in the adoption of the BR technology by small farmers will be shorter than under the GR so that they will not suffer from reduced output prices as did the laggards during the GR; and (vi) as happened with the GR, poor consumers (often the urban poorest in Latin America) will benefit from
the restraint on food prices brought about by the enhanced output of the BR. In addition to being more poor-friendly, the BR is safer than the GR and environmentally aronmen more sound.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
Facing the crisis: Third World agriculture in the 1980s:
Ajit Singh {1990} states that sub-Saharan Africa and Latin Americs, where the overall economy and industry were hard hit by y the International economic recenice in the 1980s, for a variety of reasons the agricultural sector fared a great deal better than other sectors. Consequence, rural poverty during the past decade Increased much less s in these two regions than urban poverty. In Asia, s region which by and large was not much affected by the world economic crisis, both rural and urban poverty diminished appreciably during the 1980s.
On the reverse causation issue, whether the past agricultural performance in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa was itself responsible for the crisis of these economies in the 1980s, it is concluded here that the answer for Larin Americs is a clear no. On a range of indicators, the Latin American agrarian economy in the period preceding the crisis was doing better than before; moreover, its performance in the 1970th was at least as good as, if not superior to, that of the Asian agrarian economics. Thus a Sachs-type explanation for the much better overall economic record of the Asian than of the Latin American countries, on account of the greater domination of agrarian interests in the political economy of the former, does not sit easily with the actual performance of agriculture in the two continents during the pre-crisis period. In sub-Saharan Africa, on the other hand, the unfavourable record of the agrarian economy in the 1970s did contribute to the subsequent economic downturn. Nevertheless, it was noted that agriculture’s poor performance in the earlier period may itself have been due to exogenous factors and not just to domestic mismanagement. It was also suggested that even if agriculture was in part responsible for the acute foreign exchange difficulties faced by the sub-Saharan African countries since the beginning of this decade, its contribution to the crisis is likely to have been small as against that of external factore, i.e. the enormous change in world market conditions, result drought and war.
AGRICULTURE POVERTY
AUTHOR: SAWAN NAROTE
FINAL SUMMARY
The collection of articles explores the intricate relationship between agriculture, poverty, and economic development across various regions and countries, offering valuable insights into strategies for poverty alleviation and sustainable growth.
Firstly, in Eritrea, the role of agricultural extension services is highlighted as pivotal in disseminating modern farming techniques and knowledge to smallholder farmers, aiming to enhance productivity, income, and food security while addressing rural poverty. Challenges such as limited resources and staffing underscore the need for stronger coordination between research and extension services.
In Odisha, India, the study emphasizes the linkages between irrigation development, agricultural productivity, and poverty levels across different districts. It suggests targeted policies to address specific regional challenges and promote inclusive growth.
In Pakistan, the research delves into the complex relationship between urbanization and poverty reduction, identifying significant long-run relationships and recommending targeted interventions to address urbanization-related challenges.
India’s economic trajectory, from a socialistic pattern to globalization, is examined, highlighting the impact of economic policies on growth, development, and poverty alleviation. The challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic underscore the need for nuanced policy responses.
The effects of macroeconomic factors on South African agriculture are explored, emphasizing the importance of careful policy assessment to support economic growth and poverty reduction in the agricultural sector.
In Uttar Pradesh, India, the correlation between agricultural productivity and rural poverty is established, emphasizing the need for tailored, region-specific development strategies to combat poverty effectively. The potential impacts of agricultural trade liberalization on global poverty and inequality are discussed, highlighting the need for complementary policies alongside trade reform for effective poverty reduction.
The bio-revolution in agriculture’s potential to alleviate poverty is examined, emphasizing both pro- and anti-poor elements and advocating for a more poverty-friendly approach.
Lastly, the contrasting agricultural performances in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia during the 1980s economic crisis are discussed, emphasizing agriculture’s contribution to poverty reduction in rural areas.
Collectively, these articles provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics between agriculture, poverty, and economic development, offering recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders striving to alleviate poverty and foster sustainable development globally.
References
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