depression

DEPRESSION
AUTHOR NAME-CHARUL PETKAR
ROLL NUMBER – 45
1) Manifestations of Depression: Self-Perception, Culture, and Body.
The ideal of mental wellness is an important one, as depression, anxiety, and persistent feelings of hopelessness severely impact our lives, relationships with loved ones, and our relationship with ourselves. In conjunction with an understanding of mental wellness, there must also be an understanding of mental illness. Through this short virtual issue, we invite readers to read the following selected articles from Culture & Psychology, which may find themselves fitting well with a weekly seminar or a graduate course on mental health. This virtual issue delves into three key aspects of depression: its relationship with ourselves, our cultures, and our bodies.
2) Paternal depression: “The silent pandemic”.
Paternal depression is a risk factor for poor physical and psychological child outcomes, and it is important to recognize it at the earliest for appropriate preventive and remedial measures. Fathers are at risk of postnatal depression due to a variety of risk factors, including depressive symptoms in the partner, poor interpersonal relations, inadequate social support, history of severe depression, prenatal/partner prenatal depression, lower educational level, paternal unemployment, marital conflicts, and having other children. Maternal depression is a strong predictor of paternal depression, while paternal depression increases the risk of worsening maternal depression. Paternal depression has a significant impact on child development and psychosocial outcomes, and it is important to recognize the interaction between the psychological states of both members of the couple. Raising awareness of paternal depression to help men seek help.
3) Religion and Depression in Adolescence.
Depression is the leading cause of illness and disability in adolescence. Many studies show a correlation between religiosity and mental health, yet the question remains whether the relationship is causal. We exploit within-school variation in adolescents’ peers to deal with selection into religiosity. We find robust effects of religiosity on depression that are stronger for the most depressed. These effects are not driven by the school social context; depression spreads among close friends rather than through broader peer groups that affect religiosity. Exploration of mechanisms suggests that religiosity buffers against stressors in ways in which school activities and friendships do not.
4) Depression, Anxiety, and Alcohol Use Among LGBTQ+ People During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
The article describe disparities in depression, anxiety, and problem drinking by sexual orientation, sexual behavior, and gender identity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Data were collected May 21 to July 15, 2020, from 3245 adults living in 5 major US metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York, New York; and Los Angeles, California). Participants were characterized as cisgender straight or LGBTQ+ (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and men who have sex with men, and women who have sex with women not identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender). Results. Cisgender straight participants had the lowest levels of depression, anxiety, and problem drinking compared with all other sexual orientation, sexual behavior, and gender identity groups, and, in general, LGBTQ+ participants were more likely to report that these health problems were “more than usual” during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions. LGBTQ+ communities experienced worse mental health and problem drinking than their cisgender straight counterparts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should assess the impact of the pandemic on health inequities. Policymakers should consider resources to support LGBTQ+ mental health and substance use prevention in COVID-19 recovery efforts.
5) Prevalence of childhood depression in school going adolescents in an urban Indian school.
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression in urban school-going adolescents and its association with age, sex, and birth order. Results showed that the prevalence of clinical depression among school-going children of age group 12–16 years was 8.4%. There was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of clinical depression, and more children had clinical depression in the age group of 14–16 years than in the 12–14 years of age group. Depressive symptoms were more among children with first birth order. This highlights the need for screening school-age children for depression so that early intervention can be provided. Depressive disorders in children, adolescents, and adults are similar phenomenological entities, and studies have shown that the same diagnostic criteria can be reliably applied to these three age groups. Variable prevalence rates have been reported for depression in children and adolescents, with a higher prevalence among adolescents than children. An epidemiological study from Brazil found significant depressive symptoms in 20.2% of students aged 10-17 years, with a significant predominance of females. A cross-sectional study in Turkey found prevalence of depression at 12.55% among school students (6th–11th grades) with a significantly higher prevalence in girls than boys. In India, the National Mental Health Survey reported a prevalence rate of 0.8% for depression in 13–17-year age group. Nair et al. assessed school-going adolescents (13–19 years) using BDI and observed that 22.4% of girls and 12.8% of boys had depression of various grades. Depression in adolescence increases the risk of developing recurrent depression in later life. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of depression in school-going children in an urban population in the age group of 12-16 years. A cross-sectional study design was adopted and informed consent of the parents was taken during parent-teacher meetings. Close relatives were also accepted as informants. The study was conducted at the Child Guidance Clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Inclusion criteria included age 12-16, ability to read, write, and understand English, and having been studying in the school for >6 months. Out of 561 registered students, 500 were selected for the study. Statistical analysis was used to obtain sociodemographic and clinical data. Screening was done with the Children’s Depressive Inventory (CDI).

6) Immunological changes in depression.
Background: The role of Immune system in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders is a field of active research, however Indian literature is sparse. The present study was planned to assess the immunological response in depression. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 100 subjects. There were fifty cases of depression satisfying the ICD-10 criteria with no physical illness and HIV negative status and fifty age and sex matched healthy volunteers. Depression was assessed on HRSD and BDI scales. Assessment of three markers each of cellular immunity and humoral immunity was carried out on both groups and depressed patients were reassessed on all parameters after 08 weeks of treatment with antidepressants. Results: NK Cells were significantly higher in the depressed group and CD 8 Cells and CD 4 Cells were higher in the control group (P = 0.001). Depressed group before treatment v/s control group differed significantly in the cell mediated immune markers. IL-2 levels were higher in the control group. The markers of cell mediated immunity i.e., NK cells, CD4, CD8 had increased significantly after treatment . The humoral immunity marker decreased significantly after treatment . However IL -6 levels were raised significantly in the subjects after treatment . Conclusion: Dysregulation of immune response occurs in depressed patients with changes in both cell mediated and humoral immunity. Further, antidepressant treatment affects the immune status of depressed patients.
7) Maternal Depression, Women’s Empowerment, and Parental Investment: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.
We evaluate the medium-term impacts of treating maternal depression on women’s mental health, financial empowerment, and parenting decisions. We leverage variation induced by a cluster-randomized controlled trial that provided psychotherapy to 903 prenatally depressed mothers in rural Pakistan. It was one of the world’s largest psych otherapy interventions, and it dramatically reduced postpartum depression. Seven years after psychotherapy concluded, we returned to the study site to find that impacts on women’s mental health had persisted, with a 17 percent reduction in depression rates. The intervention also improved women’s financial empowerment and increased both time- and money-intensive parental investments by between 0.2 and 0.3 standard deviations.
8) A New Global Depression Is Coming.
Global depression is a period of economic misery that few living people have experienced. It is global, cuts deeper into livelihoods than any recession, and its bad effects will linger longer than any recession. Depressions change the way we live, and the current global slowdown is a synchronized crisis, with lasting changes to public attitudes, competitive position, and political dysfunction. It has global impact, with social safety nets being tested and governments defaulting on debt. The economic impact of COVID-19 is worse than any recession since WWII, and there will be no sustainable recovery until the virus is fully contained. The unemployment rate will remain high for the next decade and economic output will remain depressed for years unless changes are made to the way government taxes and spends.
9) SEEING BEYOND DEPRESSION.
he article discusses the concept of depression beyond just being a disorder of the mind and some new measures to prevent it. Advocacy groups show psychological symptoms as key areas of unmet need for patients who have a physical disease. It is noted that steroids are among the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs available. The antidepressant impact of anti-inflammatory drugs in comorbid depression have been explained away as a function of the disembodied mind.
10) Expanding Perspectives: Systemic Approaches to College Students Experiencing Depression
By: Newhart, Sean;Mullen, Patrick R.;Gutierrez, Daniel
The overall prevalence of mental health problems among college students in the United States has increased significantly since the 1980s. The most recent report from the Center for Collegiate Mental Health (CCMH) indicated that the top five presenting concerns were anxiety (62.2%), depression (49.7%), stress (45.5%), family (30.1%), and academic performance (26.8%). Depression is also associated with suicide, which is the second leading cause of death among college students. This article discusses research highlighting the influence of students’ systems on their mental health, specifically depression. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. O’Connell, Boat, and Warner ([42]) identified individual and interpersonal factors that influence depressive symptoms among adolescents and early adults. Most college counseling centers provide primarily individual therapy, but systemic approaches (e.g., couple and family-based interventions) are similar in effectiveness to individual approaches. Research has found strong evidence for the general benefits model of social support, which posits that social support facilitates an increased sense of well-being and promotes positive psychological factors. indicated that social support has a moderate effect on depressive symptoms among adolescents, with family support being reported as the most important source of support. Systemic approaches in counseling can help address individual, interpersonal, and macrosystemic factors influencing students’ mental health.
Conclusion
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease your ability to function at work and at home.Depression symptoms can vary from mild to severe and can include:
• Feeling sad or having a depressed mood
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
• Changes in appetite — weight loss or gain unrelated to dieting
• Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
• Loss of energy or increased fatigue
• Increase in purposeless physical activity (e.g., inability to sit still, pacing, handwringing) or slowed movements or speech (these actions must be severe enough to be observable by others)
• Feeling worthless or guilty
• Difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions
• Thoughts of death or suicide
Symptoms must last at least two weeks and must represent a change in your previous level of functioning for a diagnosis of depression.
Also, medical conditions (e.g., thyroid problems, a brain tumor or vitamin deficiency) can mimic symptoms of depression so it is important to rule out general medical causes.
Depression affects an estimated one in 15 adults (6.7%) in any given year. And one in six people (16.6%) will experience depression at some time in their life. Depression can occur at any time, but on average, first appears during the late teens to mid-20s. Women are more likely than men to experience depression. Some studies show that one-third of women will experience a major depressive episode in their lifetime. There is a high degree of heritability (approximately 40%) when first-degree relatives (parents/children/siblings) have depression.
Reference
1) Manifestations of Depression: Self-Perception, Culture, and Body.
MULDERIG, B.; CARRIERE, K. R. Manifestations of Depression: Self-Perception, Culture, and Body. Culture & Psychology, [s. l.], v. 29, n. 1, p. 181–186, 2023. DOI 10.1177/1354067X221145898. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=2aee4d8f-bc55-3db6-b477-c2cbdf7d0340. Acesso em: 13 maio. 2023.
2) Paternal depression: “The silent pandemic”.
Published in: Industrial Psychiatry Journal,Jul-Dec2022,Business Source Elite
By: Dhillon, Harpreet;Sasidharan, Shibu;Dhillon, Gurpreet;Babitha, M
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=88261b52-0a8b-3e26-a971-412e59676511. Acesso em: 13 maio. 2023.
3) Religion and Depression in Adolescence.
Published in: Journal of Political Economy,Jun2019,Business Source Elite
By: Fruehwirth, Jane Cooley;Iyer, Sriya;Zhang, Anwen
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=cc882285-e4ed-3d71-92c8-38041e1f047d.
4) Depression, Anxiety, and Alcohol Use Among LGBTQ+ People During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
published in: American Journal of Public Health,Sep2021,Business Source Elite
By: Akré, Ellesse-Roselee;Anderson, Andrew;Stojanovski, Kristefer;Chung, Kara W
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=41c7652c-b234-38f0-8a42-84b442fdb4ba.
5) prevalence of childhood depression in school going adolescents in an urban Indian school.
Published in: Industrial Psychiatry Journal,Jan-Jun2020,Business Source Elite
By: Raja, Dhiraj;Singh, Harpreet;Chail, Amit;Dangi, Ankit
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=3f4f144e-cafb-3dcc-8902-85c21d1a6791.
6) Immunological changes in depression.
Published in: Industrial Psychiatry Journal,Jul-Dec2017,Business Source Elite
By: Goyal, Sunil;Srivastava, Kalpana;Kodange, Chaitanya;Bhat, Pookala Shivram
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=6ce2ef34-5a20-3236-91f2-96ca15b2850c.
7)Maternal Depression, Women’s Empowerment, and Parental Investment: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.Published in: American Economic Review,Mar2020,Business Source EliteBy: Baranov, Victoria;Bhalotra, Sonia;Biroli, Pietro;Maselko
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=d2f25752-8457-3049-85c0-8caf558b28c2.
8)A New Global Depression Is Coming.
Published in: TIME Magazine,8/17/2020,Business Source Elite
By: Bremmer, Ian
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=48624ecd-eb03-3b35-89f0-2be4e4aaf636.
9)seeing beyond depression.
Published in: Psychology Today,Jan/Feb2019,Business Source Elite
By: Bullmore, Edward
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=49fb0056-447e-3585-8087-04d6efc31fb1
10)Expanding Perspectives: Systemic Approaches to College Students Experiencing Depression.
Published in: Journal of Counseling & Development,Jul2019,Business Source Elite
By: Newhart, Sean;Mullen, Patrick R.;Gutierrez, Daniel
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=45797ba1-857d-325e-874a-1e78d80866f2.