NAME: Janhavi Khamkar
BATCH: MMS – B
ROLL NO: 88
TOPIC: Inequality.
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR : Cech, Erin A.; Rothwell, William.
LITERATURE REVIEW: LGBT Workplace Inequality in the Federal Workforce: Intersectional Processes, Organizational Contexts, and Turnover Considerations.
In “LGBT Workplace Inequality in the Federal Workforce: Intersectional Processes, Organizational Contexts, and Turnover Considerations”, Erin A. Cech, William R. Rothwell, and Stacey J. Fitzsimmons they explore to the relationship of LGBT federal employees in the United States of America. The study employes the use of an multiple framework to know how different factors of society, such as gender, race, and sexual orientation, interact to impact the inequality of discrimination and inequality in the workplace happens. It says that LGBT employees going through higher levels of discrimination, harassment, and marginalization compared to their non-LGBT colleagues. The authors concentrate to put in account on several organizational factors that will contribute to these experiences like as lack of diversity and inclusion policies, limited access to role models and mentors, and stereotyping and bias in hiring and promotion decisions. Since the author suggest to have a wide look over this issues and also to make them understand the importance of the role of turnover with respect to the workplace inequality, as many LGBT employees may leave their jobs due to discrimination and marginalization.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR : Brueckner, Markus; Van Long, Ngo; Vespignani, Joaquin
LITERATURE REVIEW : Trade, education, and income inequality.
In “Trade, education, and income inequality”, the authors investigate the relationship between trade, education, and income inequality. The study shows that trade liberalization can lead to increased income inequality by favouring skilled employees over unskilled employees. According to the study, trade liberalisation may have a negative impact on income disparity because education helps employees develop the skills necessary to succeed in the global market and boosts their earning potential. The study focus on the importance of considering the distributional effects of trade policies and advice that policymakers should ensure that trade liberalization benefits all the societal group.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR: Nancy Folbre, Leila Gautham, And Kristin Smith
LITERATURE REVIEW : Gender Inequality, Bargaining, And Payin Care Services In The United States
In this study, the authors looks into the gendered nature of pay and bargaining in the care sector in the United States. The study has a focus that care work is undervalued and underpaid due to its association with women and the assuming that it is “naturally” performed by the female gender. The fact that women of colour, who experience much more prejudice and exploitation, make up the majority of those who provide care, further exacerbates this gendered bias. The study also emphasises the difficulties in collective bargaining and unionisation faced by carers. Numerous carers work for small, privately held companies that are exempt from labour rules and regulations and are not protected by collective bargaining agreements. Care workers are left open to exploitation as a result, and it is difficult for them to bargain for higher pay and better working conditions. The authors contend that acknowledging care labour as skilled labour requiring education, certification, and just compensation is necessary to alleviate gender imbalance in the care sector.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR: Maria Rohova
LITERATURE REVIEW : Inequalities in Health Care Services Utilization and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bulgaria
In “Inequalities in Health Care Services Utilization and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bulgaria,” Maria Rohova states the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care utilization and access in Bulgaria, with a focus on inequalities related to socioeconomic status, gender, and age. According to the report, the pandemic has made current gaps in health care access and utilization worse, making it more difficult for vulnerable groups including older adults, women and those with lower income groups also. The pandemic has additionally resulted into the decline in immune system preventive healthcare services like cancer screenings, which could have long-term effects on public health.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR: Kim De Laat
LITERATURE REVIEW : Remote work and post-bureaucracy: Unintended consequences of work design for gender inequality
In “Remote work and post-bureaucracy: Unintended consequences of work design for gender inequality,” Kim de Laat examines the effect of remote work and design and remote labour on gender disparity at work. In order to prevent these advances from knowingly reproducing gendered norms and stereotypes the study focuses on need for a more critical and intersectional approach to remote work and post-bureaucratic work design. As to the study the remote employment can cause work life boundaries to become more ambiguous with women frequently shouldering an unfairly large part of home and caregiving duties. Additionally, the culture of perpetual availability and “always-on” work that can result from post-bureaucratic work design can be detrimental to women’s wellness and work-life balance.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR: Sho Komatsu and Aya Suzuki
LITERATURE REVIEW : The Impact of Different Levels of Income Inequality on Subjective Well-Being in China
The study concludes that higher levels of income disparity are associated with lower levels of subjective well-being among Chinese people. Nevertheless the negative impact of income inequality on subjective well-being is not linear, becoming more pronounces in levels of income inequality. Therefore, further the study also finds that social trust acts as a mediator between income disparity’s detrimental effects on subjective well-being, with higher levels of inequality causing lower levels of trust and, in turn, lower levels of subjective well-being.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR: Kumar, Anoop S.; Yazir, P. Gopika, G. G.
LITERATURE REVIEW : Consumption Inequality In India After Liberalization:
A Caste Based Assessment
The study emphasises the significance of taking into account how customer inequality and caste-based disparities are impacted by liberalisation policies in order to develop more effective and just economic interventions and policies in India. The study emphasises the necessity of creating policies and initiatives that deal with shortage based on caste in order to support more equitable economic growth and development. This includes actions to better the opportunities for lower caste groups to acquire education and work, as well as actions to combat prejudice and discrimination. In considering of this, the authors suggest that the increase in consumption inequality is caused by a number of causes, including unequal access to banking , job opportunities, and education, as well as prejudice and discrimination against lower caste groups.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR: Zulfiqar, G. Prasad
LITERATURE REVIEW : Challenging Social Inequality In The Global South: Class, Privilege, And
Consciousness-Raising Through Critical Management Education.
The study draws on a case study of a CME program in Pakistan, which aimed to provide students with a critical understanding of management and leadership in the context of social inequality. The program incorporated a range of teaching methods, including case studies, group discussions, and reflective writing, and focused on issues such as gender, caste, and class. The authors argue that CME has the potential to play an important role in promoting social justice and equity in the Global South, and they recommend that CME programs be developed and expanded to address a range of social and economic issue. Thus the study highlights the potential of CME as a tool for challenging social inequality in the Global South, and emphasizes the importance of ongoing efforts to address these issues through education, policy, and activity.
TITLE : INEQUALITY
AUTHOR: Sarah Flood, Joel McMurry, Aaron Sojourner, and Matthew Wiswall.
LITERATURE REVIEW: Inequality in Early Care Experienced by US Children
he Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a nationally representative sample of children born in 2001, given the data used in this study. The authors examine at the type and quality of early care given by children from birth to age 4, including centre-based care and preschool as well as care from parents, relatives, and non-relatives. The study emphasises how important it is to increase all children’s access to high-quality early care and education, especially those from disadvantaged families . The author suggest the methods strategies to boost early care programme financing, raise the level of care delivered, and eliminate access disparities. Significant disparities in early care experiences are also seen taken into consideration mother education, race/ethnicity, and family income. Children from low-income households and those whose moms have less education are more likely to receive poor treatment, which includes care with larger child-to-staff ratios, fewer competent carers, and poorer overall quality ratings.
TITLE : INEQUALI TY
AUTHOR: Ashish Singh
LITERATURE REVIEW: Inequality Of Opportunity In Earnings Andconsumption Expenditure: The Case Of Indian Men.
In his paper, “Inequality of Opportunity in Earnings and Consumption Expenditure: The Case of Indian Men,” Ashish Singh investigates the degree to which Indian men experience inequality of opportunity in their wages and consumption. According to the survey, between 2004–2005 and 2011–12, Indian men had a decline in income and consumption disparity. The fact that the opportunity-inequality component still makes up a sizable amount of the overall inequality, however, shows that socioeconomic characteristics like caste, religion, education, and family history still have an impact on how much money people make and spend on consumption. The author also discovers that the factors influencing opportunity disparity are different for consumption expenditures and wages. Caste, education, and family background are the most significant determinants of incomes, while religion, education, and occupation are the most important factors.
CONCLUSION :
Finally in the end it should be noted that inequality affects a wide range of aspects, including caste, income, education, trade, and gender. According to the studies have shown that caste-based prejudice persists as a major issue in India continues to be a important issue in India, with individuals from lower castes experiencing lower wages and less access to education and other resources. The accumulation of a disproportionate amount of wealth and power by the richest individuals and corporations is a global problem known as income inequality.
Upward mobility and access to opportunities ,are most importantly influenced by education, yet access to high-quality education is still uneven in many parts of the world. Some people are benefited from different parts from trade and globalisation in terms of economic growth and opportunity, while others have experiences job losses and income stagnation as a result.
Women continue to experience lower earnings, fewer opportunity and greater barriers to progress than men, in a variety of settings such as workplace, sports and childcare. Due to major differences in access to health and care outcomes for less fortuned people, inequality in healthcare services has grown more of a noticeable change during the covid-19 pandemic.
In general, fighting against inequality makes a call for multifaced strategy that includes laws and other measure to increase inequality of opportunities, reduce bias and prejudice, and ensure that everyone has access to resources and services, regardless of caste, income, education, profession, or gender. By making such efforts we can make a society that is fairer and more just, and that benefits all of us.
References:
BRUECKNER, M.; VAN LONG, N.; VESPIGNANI, J. Trade, education, and income inequality. Applied Economics, [s. l.], v. 54, n. 40, p. 4608–4631, 2022. DOI 10.1080/00036846.2022.2027862. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=24d274ee-39e7-3ed9-a931-1364327ac811. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
CECH, E. A.; ROTHWELL, W. R. LGBT Workplace Inequality in the Federal Workforce: Intersectional Processes, Organizational Contexts, and Turnover Considerations. ILR Review, [s. l.], v. 73, n. 1, p. 25–60, 2020. DOI 10.1177/0019793919843508. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=b0bb42e2-9d62-3056-b137-c5d710b8f5c1. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
DE LAAT, K. Remote Work and Post-Bureaucracy: Unintended Consequences of Work Design for Gender Inequality. ILR Review, [s. l.], v. 76, n. 1, p. 135–159, 2023. DOI 10.1177/00197939221076134. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=3a47a687-b728-306c-8653-7a75c45680b8. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
FLOOD, S. et al. Inequality in Early Care Experienced by US Children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, [s. l.], v. 36, n. 2, p. 199–222, 2022. DOI 10.1257/jep.36.2.199. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=d9c66779-60b6-387c-9783-436e9f2c0336. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
FOLBRE, N.; GAUTHAM, L.; SMITH, K. Gender Inequality, Bargaining, and Pay in Care Services in the United States. ILR Review, [s. l.], v. 76, n. 1, p. 86–111, 2023. DOI 10.1177/00197939221091157. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=01c52e3d-3278-33b1-8206-2ddd74772751. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
KOMATSU, S.; SUZUKI, A. The Impact of Different Levels of Income Inequality on Subjective Well-Being in China: A Panel Data Analysis. Chinese Economy, [s. l.], v. 56, n. 2, p. 104–123, 2023. DOI 10.1080/10971475.2022.2096809. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=73f377d9-e5cb-3d1d-9b9d-acc15485b3d7. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
KUMAR, A. S.; YAZIR, P.; GOPIKA, G. G. Consumption Inequality in India After Liberalization: A Caste Based Assessment. Singapore Economic Review, [s. l.], v. 64, n. 1, p. 139–155, 2019. DOI 10.1142/S0217590817430123. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=fa7ee6de-4291-3925-937a-f0a9f6e87162. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
ROHOVA, M. Inequalities in Health Care Services Utilization and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bulgaria. Izesstia, Journal of the Union of Scientists – Varna, Economic Sciences Series, [s. l.], v. 11, n. 3, p. 169–178, 2022. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=ed2e4174-f143-385c-8b78-aba316350a5f. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
SINGH, A. Inequality of Opportunity in Earnings and Consumption Expenditure: The Case of Indian Men. Review of Income & Wealth, [s. l.], v. 58, n. 1, p. 79–106, 2012. DOI 10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00485.x. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=efdb7301-3a76-31f2-964d-046c23dbc9d2. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.
ZULFIQAR, G.; PRASAD, A. Challenging Social Inequality in the Global South: Class, Privilege, and Consciousness-Raising through Critical Management Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, [s. l.], v. 20, n. 2, p. 156–181, 2021. DOI 10.5465/amle.2019.0294. Disponível em: https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=65b134e0-c077-3958-bbb6-2bfd63939191. Acesso em: 12 maio. 2023.