Corruption: Causes, Consequences & Strategies
Lavina Jain
Literature Review
1.) Corruption perceptions vs corruption reality.
This paper examines the accuracy of corruption perceptions by comparing Indonesian villagers. They reported perceptions about corruption in a road-building project in their village with a more objective measure of ‘missing expenditures’ in the project. I find that villagers’ reported perceptions do contain real information, because work is carried out infront of them and they can easily analyse the quality of work. The magnitude of the reported information, however, is small, in part because officials hide corruption where it is hardest for villagers to detect. The findings illustrate the limitations of relying solely on corruption perceptions, whether in designing anti-corruption policies or in conducting empirical research on corruption. (Olken, Benjamin A, 2009)
2) Understanding Corruption and Corruptibility Through Experiments:
Corruption and corruptibility – Corruption is a three-player game involving a briber (the principal), a bribee (the agent, typically assumed to be some public official), and a third party (possibly society), that is damaged by the bribe. Corruptibility is the act of being corrupted. Of course, corruption also exists in private institutions, the bribee may be some manager and the third party damaged by the bribe may be various stakeholders
In this article I had reviewed a complementary mode of investigation of corruption and corruptibility through experiments to assess their strengths and weaknesses and identify areas where they could be particularly useful in guiding policy choices – namely in designing incentive-compatible and effective anti-corruption measures in public procurement. (Dusek & etal, 2005)
3.) The determinants of cross-border corruption
Unlike previous studies that rely on perception or survey based data that have been the subject of criticisms, I found that economic development & a small population is associated with lower levels of corruption, as freedom of press, political rights, the presence of established democratic institutions and low exports of natural resources such as oil. Overall we find limited evidence that the relational factors that we consider after corruption , beyond the effects that they often have on bilateral trade. (Escresa & Picci, 2020)
4.) Corruption In Europe: Recent Developments
This article discusses some of the latest European developments in the fight against corruption. Reducing corruption is one of the world’s many challenges & many countries are working on that. Europe continues to advance its anti-corruption initiatives. While the fight against has seen some victories, significant gains, especially in the Central and South European countries, where corruption is deeply rooted in the ordinary life of their citizens. (Popescu, 2014)
5.) Institutional determinants of corruption
Goal of the paper is to point out the institutional determinants of corruption. A tool used to complete a goal is examination of indexes picturing corruption level as well as a case study. Corruption is widely regarded as a negative phenomenon for the economy and unfair from the social point of view. Corruption is a phenomenan which regards every society in both, geographical and historical context. Contemporary observations prove there is no society without corruption. In some countries, contrary to the current regulations, it has become widespread, displacing other forms of exchange. This applies particularly to countries with weak institutions. Their weakness may result from changes in political or cultural factors. (Brol, 2016)
6.) Corruption and Cryptocurrency – Blockchains as corruption tools
This article is structured in three main parts. The first part refers to the legitimacy of cryptocurrency and intends to highlight the meaning, the main features and the role of cryptocurrency. Second part of this article is about the legality of cryptocurrency, this part is mainly based on comparative research of the legal regulations on cryptocurrency. The third part refers to the relations between cryptocurrency and corruption. This part intends to highlight the protentional usage of the cryptocurrency for corruption activities because of the main features of the blockchain technology. (Ibrahimi & Arifi, 2022)
7.) Is there a direct effect of corruption on growth?
There exists a discrepancy between the results and the intuition that corruption reduces over-all productivity, because total factored productivity also depends on the quality of institutions and their efficiency. This paper addresses the issue and offers a new perspective on growth effects of corruption and shows that direct and indirect growth effects of corruption can be statistically significant. Moreover, the empirical results confirm the existence of both negative and positive growth effects of corruption. (Dzhumashev & Ratbek, 2009)
8.) Corruption and Legal Limits of Anti-Corruption Enforcement
The article is mainly devoted to the problems of combating corruption and its criminal law methods. Authors analysed the state of corruption taking into account public opinion and the general state of the law enforcement system. Authors highlighted a number of points: first, they identify the definitions of corruption as a negative social and legal phenomenon and second as crime itself. The main contribution of this study is the anti-corruption enforcement and contains solutions to improve the effectiveness of criminal law counteraction against bribery, other corruption crimes and corruption in general. (Tsepelev & etal, 2019)
9.) The internet as an indicator of corruption awareness
This paper uses internet search hits about corruption to capture cross country corruption awareness. The main hypothesis is that greater corruption awareness acts as a corruption deterrent. Results shows that greater internet corruption awareness reduces corruption perception and corruption incidence. A unique data set of internet searches on Google and Yahoo is compiled using alternate variations of “corruption”, “bribery” and “country name” keywords to capture internet corruption awareness. Results show that internet hits about corruption per capita correlate negatively with corruption perceptions and corruption incidence. (Nelson, 2012)
10.) Judiciaries in Corrupt Societies
Public is losing their trust in judiciary due to delayed result of cases, partial and biased decisions. The courts proceedings is out of understanding of laymen due to which dishonest advocates take advantage of laymen and make money from them. This paper examines how the dependence of judiciaries influences corruption at different levels of the government in a model where the central government, low-level officials and the judiciary are corrupt. Therefore, even if highly corrupt, an independent judiciary may reduce total corruption. We provide empirical evidence which is in line with this result. (Priks, 2007)
11) Conclusion:
Corruption is a problem that needs to be overcome as soon as possible, because not only our country is financially lagging behind it is also degrading the moral values of the country & promoting inhuman acts. Russia and many nations are facing this issue and are taking steps to overcome it. Awareness programs, campaigns has been started to educate people not to give and take bribe.
References-
Ada-Iuliana Popescu, 2014. “Corruption In Europe: Recent Developments,” CES Working Papers, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, vol. 6(2a), pages 150-160, August.
Adrianit Ibrahimi & Besa Arifi, 2022. “Corruption and Cryptocurrency – Blockchains as corruption tools,” Academicus International Scientific Journal, Entrepreneurship Training Center Albania, issue 26, pages 93-103, July.
Dzhumashev, Ratbek, 2009. “Is there a direct effect of corruption on growth?,” MPRA Paper 18489, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Goel, Rajeev K. & Nelson, Michael A. & Naretta, Michael A., 2012. “The internet as an indicator of corruption awareness,” European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 64-75.
Laarni Escresa & Lucio Picci, 2020. “The determinants of cross-border corruption,” Public Choice, Springer, vol. 184(3), pages 351-378, September.
Libor Dušek & Andreas Ortmann & Lubomír Lízal, 2005. “Understanding Corruption and Corruptibility Through Experiments,” Prague Economic Papers, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2005(2), pages 147-162
Marcin Brol, 2016. “Institutional determinants of corruption,” Ekonomia i Prawo, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, vol. 15(1), pages 21-32, March.
Mikael Priks, 2007. “Judiciaries in Corrupt Societies,” CESifo Working Paper Series 2008, CESifo.
Olken, Benjamin A., 2009. “Corruption perceptions vs. corruption reality,” Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(7-8), pages 950-964, August.
Tsepelev V.F. & Borisov A.V. & Vlasov A.V. & Drozdova E.A., 2019. “Corruption and Legal Limits of Anti-Corruption Enforcement,” International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), vol. 0(Special 1), pages 204-208. Article from here.