Add 1.Title : Causes of Sleep & it’s Effect.
2.Subtopic : Quality of sleep
3.Authors : Priya Thakre, Divya Kanojia, Jigyasha Joshi
4.Introduction : 4.1. Sleep is the resting state in which the body is not active and the mind is unconscious. Sleep is an important part of our lives. During sleep, we usually pass through five phases: stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Includes stages like sleep spindles, delta or deep sleep etc. When we switch into REM sleep, our breathing becomes more rapid, irregular, and shallow, our eyes jerk rapidly in various directions, and our limb muscles become temporarily paralyzed during sleep.
4.2. Causes of sleep
Sleep problems can be caused by various factors. Although causes may differ, the end result of all sleep disorders is that the body’s natural cycle of slumber and daytime wakefulness is disrupted or exaggerated.
• Genetics: Researchers have found a genetic basis for narcolepsy, a neurological disorder of sleep regulation that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness.
• Night shift work: People who work at night often experience sleep disorders, because they cannot sleep when they start to feel drowsy. Their activities run contrary to their biological clocks.
• Medications: Many drugs can interfere with sleep, such as certain antidepressants, blood pressure medication, and over-the-counter cold medicine.
• Aging: About half of all adults over the age of 65 have some sort of sleep disorder. It is not clear if it is a normal part of aging or a result of medications that older people commonly use.
4.3 Effects of sleep
If you continue operating without enough sleep, you may see more long-term and serious health problems. Some of the most serious potential problems associated with chronic sleep deprivation are high blood pressure, diabetes, heart attack, heart failure or stroke. Other potential problems include obesity, depression, reduced immune system function.
5.Objective : To understand the quality of sleep of the individuals.
6.Literature review : 6.1. R. Admas presented their literature review that aims to analyse the research published between (2020 & 2022) relative to the relationship between stress and sleep quality, using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) as an instrument to assess the sleep aspects. This review was conducted in May 2022 based on the electronic databases Web of Science and EBSCO. We used the keywords “sleep quality ” and ” stress “focusing our target on empirical studies. After reading the collected studies only those who comprised adult samples were selected, resulting in a total of 15 studies. It was found that stress is associated with several individual factors, such as age, employment status, type of work, personality, level of education, and socioeconomic status. When considering the use of the PSQI, stress also influenced the quality of sleep as a whole and in its specific components. Depression was considered important in stress relative to the sleep quality. Other relevant variables were the sociodemographic indicators and socioeconomic status. Therefore, it is essential to assess the context of stress and sleep quality so one can establish new explanations for their relationship and functions. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop thorough studies that take into consideration the importance of complementary variables, i.e., psychosocial, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic status, in the context of the quality of sleep. In this way, it will be possible to understand the effects of the quality of sleep in different samples.
6.2. L. Aldabal (2016) A variety of instruments are utilized to assess sleep. Validated questionnaires and surveys of self-reported sleep parameters such as typical quantity, latency to sleep onset, perceived degree of sleep disruption and quality, and level of daytime sleepiness are available, such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. While questionnaires are relatively easy and inexpensive to administer, methodological concerns arise including variations in cultural interpretation by different populations. Importantly, there may be major differences in outcomes when comparing subjective versus objectively recorded sleep. For example, Bathgate et al. reported that individuals with insomnia and short sleep duration of <6 h. as identified by sleep laboratory determined data were found to have a 3.5-fold higher risk of hypertension compared to individuals with insomnia with in laboratory sleep duration ≥6 h. However, no significant risk was observed using subjectively determined total sleep time.
Polysomnography conducted in a sleep laboratory setting provides detailed nocturnal physiologic data including objective sleep architecture recording and cardiopulmonary monitoring. While polysomnography provides more complete physiologic data than many other techniques, polysomnography has the drawback of expense and assessment of sleep in an atypical environment. For example, changes in laboratory recorded sleep architecture are known to occur on repeated nights of testing and are generally referred to as the “first night effect”. Home sleep testing is an alternative with a more natural setting and less resource utilization but may suffer from lower accuracy and less control over data quality.
7.Data collection : The research was carried by conducting a survey through Google form. The form included 7 relevant statements for the research which were rated on the experience of respondents between strongly disagree to strongly agree. The statements that were shared in the Google form were:
1. I have trouble sleeping due to work stress.
2. My sleep cycle is perfect
3. I wake up frequently during night
4. I take sleeping pills to go to sleep
5. I use my mobile phone till late at night or just before I sleep
6. I feel tired when I wake up
7. I get irritated easily due to lack of sleep
We collected the data from 100 respondents, we arranged the responses according to the Likert’s scale and did some calculations to find out the average, standard deviation, standard error, and Z values.
8.Data Analysis : At 95% confidence level, Z-value is 1.96.
Hypothesis:
1. If z value is greater than 1.96, accept H1 (positive).
2. If z value is between 1.96 to -1.96, accept H0 (neutral).
3. If z value is less than -1.96, accept H1 (negative).
The below table shows the calculated mean, SD, SE and z value of the collected data:
Questions Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
Mean 0.2 0.03 -0.09 -0.58 0.47 0.31 0.07
SD 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.50 1.50 1.43 1.45
SE 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14
Z 1.51 0.22 -0.67 -3.85 3.13 2.16 0.48
Thus, from above data analysis we can say that:
For question 1, z value is 1.51 which is between 1.96 to -1.96, accept null hypothesis H0 (Neutral)
For question 2, z value is 0.22 which is between 1.96 to -1.96, accept null hypotheses H0 (Neutral)
For question 3, z value is -0.67 which is between 1.96 to -1.96, accept null hypotheses H0 (Neutral)
For question 4, z value is -3.85 which is lesser than -1.96, accept alternative hypothesis H0 (Negative)
For question 5, z value is 3.13, which is greater than 1.96, accept alternate hypothesis H1 (positive).
For question 6, z value is 2.16, which is greater than 1.96, accept alternate hypothesis H1 (positive).
For question 7, z value is 0.48 which is between 1.96 to -1.96, accept null hypotheses H0 (Neutral)
9.Conclusion: According to the research & data analysis we can conclude that-
Stress in not a contributing factor for individual’s trouble sleeping.
People are neutral when it comes to their perfection in sleep cycle.
Individuals may have sound sleep or may wake up during the night.
People do not opt for sleeping pill when trouble sleeping.
They tend to used more screen time just before hitting the bed.
People are tired when they wake up.
Lack of sleep in not a contributing factor for people’s behavioural changes.
Reference: 1. L. AlDabal
Metabolic, endocrine, and immune consequences of sleep deprivation
Open Respir Med J, 5 (1) (2011), pp. 31-43, 10.2174/1874306401105010031
2. R. Adams, S. Appleton, A. Taylor, et al.
Sleep health of Australian adults in 2016: results of the 2016 Sleep Health Foundation national survey
Sleep Health, 3 (1) (2017), pp. 35-42, 10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.005
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