Climate\u00a0Change\u00a01995 is the second full report of the Intergovernmental Panel on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change, a body established by the World Meteorological Organisation and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to assess information on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its impacts and to consider response\u00a0strategies. Like the original report (IPcc 1990), it will become a standard reference\u00a0for\u00a0researchers and policy makers in\u00a0climate-change-related areas. The report is in three volumes, each the product of an individual Working Group with dozens of authors and hundreds of contributors representative of the international\u00a0climate\u00a0science community. The volumes (hereafter referred to in terms of the working groups) are concerned with: the science of the global\u00a0climate\u00a0system,\u00a0climate\u00a0variability and\u00a0change, and projections of future\u00a0climate\u00a0(WG I); impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on terrestrial and aquatic systems, society,\u00a0health, and the economy, and\u00a0adaptations\u00a0and mitigation options (WG II); policy options, decision making, and cost-benefit analysis (WG Ill). A point of confusion in usage is addressed in the WG I summary, which takes ‘climate\u00a0change’ to mean ‘any\u00a0change\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0over time whether due to natural variability or not’ in contrast to an exclusively anthropogenic causal sense, as appears in the WG II and WG Ill reports and in policy documents such as the United Nations Framework Convention on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change.<\/p>\n
Summary:<\/p>\n
Most readers will be aware that the iPcc has concluded in this report ‘… that the observed trend in global mean temperature over the past 100 years is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin. More importantly, there is evidence of an emerging pattern of\u00a0climate\u00a0response to forcings by greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols in the observed\u00a0climate\u00a0record. This evidence comes from the geographical, seasonal and vertical patterns of temperature\u00a0change. Taken together, these results point towards a\u00a0human\u00a0influence on global\u00a0climate…’ (WG I, p. 412). Cautiously worded as it is, this conclusion was criticized by some (Singer 1996) as having been taken further\u00a0for\u00a0political motives than was warranted by the science, a charge strongly rebutted by the senior editor (Houghton 1996), among others. A consensus of experts falls short of certitude and, as there are areas of uncertainty in terms of observations, models, predicted impacts, and mitigation, there will continue to be sceptics.<\/p>\n
Emphasis in the main conclusion is on the convincing degree of agreement between observation and models of the spatial patterns of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0expected from\u00a0human\u00a0influences, particularly when the effects of anthropogenic aerosols are included. It is evident that late20th century\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is complex: there are large regional differences in magnitude and sign.\u00a0For\u00a0example, the recent cooling observed in the northwest Atlantic is not necessarily inconsistent with ‘global warming’ scenarios. In the ongoing effort to understand this complexity, it seems self-evident that continued monitoring of relevant systems and variables is essential, despite a trend in many countries (including Canada) toward reduced observational effort (WG II, 355).<\/p>\n
Notwithstanding the uncertainties, the combined iPcc report is a valuable reference\u00a0for\u00a0research and teaching. There is a wealth of information on the problem of global\u00a0climate\u00a0change, with ample bibliographic support. Not surprisingly, there is some overlap between volumes, particularly I and II; however, the thrust and substance differ according to the objectives of each working group. Related elements of the global system, such as sea level and glaciers, are treated in response and feedback terms in WG I, and in terms of\u00a0change\u00a0and impacts in WG II. One can start in the WG II volume with a subject such as hydrology and learn how the uncertainties of predicting catchment-scale impacts are compounded in downscaling from coarse regional\u00a0climate\u00a0model simulations to the scale of the catchment. Conversely, WG I identifies inadequate treatment of the hydrologic components (soil moisture and runoff) as a major deficiency in the GCMS. This circularity is but one of many problem areas raised but not yet resolved by the research. The report is therefore a rich source of research ideas (‘research needs’ is an explicit section in each chapter of the WG II volume).<\/p>\n
Climate\u00a0Change\u00a01995 represents a major stage in an ongoing research, review, and publication effort. This process can be followed on the UNEP Website (http:\/\/ www.unep.ch\/ipcc\/), where the summaries\u00a0for\u00a0policy makers contained in the three volumes are available\u00a0for\u00a0viewing and downloading and there is information about subsequent reports and links to related information sources and bibliographic databases. Given strong indications that `aggregate net damage’ to social and economic systems will ensue from predicted anthropogenic\u00a0change\u00a0in a matter of decades (WG Ill, 10), the subject of these reports will increasingly occupy geographers, regardless of specialization.<\/p>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n This article outlines pedagogical practices and methodologies for increasing student engagement in the classroom and in the broader community on the topic of climate change. The emphases are placed on (1) preliminary assessments of student understanding and emotional responses to the topic of climate change, (2) assignments that enable student groups to assess and increase campus-wide awareness of various aspects of climate change, and (3) public engagement and service-learning opportunities that allow students to expand their impact beyond the local campus and into their broader community. These practices have proven effective, for large format lecture courses as well as smaller seminar-style courses, in encouraging student participation, overcoming apathy and motivating student effort and action far beyond what can be stimulated by traditional classroom assignments and assessments.<\/p>\n Summary<\/strong>:<\/p>\n For years at the large state university where I teach, I watched groups of students present to their peers information and research on specific aspects of climate change. Topics ranging from CO2 emissions to Coral Bleaching, Climate Refugees and Environmental Justice. Each week of each semester as different groups wrapped up their presentation, they would attempt to motivate behaviour changes among their peers. \u2018Here\u2019s what you can do to help\u2019, they exclaimed before rattling off a list almost identical to the one presented the week before and inevitably, the week following: \u2018Recycle, carpool, take shorter showers, walk more, unplug your electronics . . .\u2019. And week after week I would ask myself how we have managed to instil such an incomplete message to our students about the reality of their role in global climate change. Is it important to recycle, carpool, unplug, etc.? Of course it is. Students in my courses are urged to follow the mantra: \u2018Lead by example \u2013 It\u2019s contagious!\u2019 because everything each of us can do matters and models climatefriendly behaviours to those around us. But that being said, how did this generation of undergraduates come to see themselves as the bad guy? The committing party? The generation responsible for solutions? And what must be the cumulative emotional impact of such environmental guilt and grief? Some will misinterpret what I am saying and assume that I am letting these students off the hook or that I am dismissing their motivation for change. On the contrary, I think the message they are receiving is incomplete and their efforts, energy, and aspiration to mitigate climate change are largely being thwarted. As educators, peers, parents, and global citizens, it is pertinent that we allow ourselves and our students to see the extent to which this \u2018rhetoric of recycling\u2019 acts as a blinder that narrows our vision and distracts us from acknowledging the true extent to which greenhouse gas emissions and their impacts are the product of multinational corporations, wealthy conglomerates and private companies; and, just as importantly, distracts us from the ways our consumption habits subsidise corporate pollution and increases their wealth, while we, and our increasingly climate-weary students, shoulder the blame and responsibility for environmental damage and repair. Although many aspects of the science of climate change can be observed and\/or calculated, understanding the root causes of human behaviour and worse yet, how potentially to modify culturally rooted practices that tie notions of success and wealth to material production and consumption are wicked problems without formulaic solutions. Although methods for understanding the causes of climate change can be taught, the absence of a clean solution can leave students, as it can anybody, feeling overwhelmed, impotent and ultimately ambivalent (Anderson 2013). Thus, teaching climate change in the social sciences today is not effective as a presentation of dispassionate acts, models or statistics. In the majority of cases, we are no longer in the business of converting deniers or \u2018sceptics\u2019 into \u2018believers\u2019 (McKeown and Hopkins 2010). Lecturing, examination, and traditional, rote assignments can aid students\u2019 memorisation, but the topic of anthropogenic climate change requires a different level of immediate action and engagement \u2013 not simply because all life is in peril, but because emotionally and intellectually, students desire and respond to opportunities to take effective action in the name of mitigating climate change (Anderson 2013; Ariely et al. 2008; Chalofsky and Krishna 2009; Pink 2011; Seraphin et al. 2019).<\/p>\n Abstract<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a fact, and it has already left negative signs in every field of life. Observational evidence indicated variations in temperature and rainfall reliability in Southeast Asian countries, particularly Pakistan [1]. In addition to existing challenges, the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0are making farm households more vulnerable. It can impact millions of people in the country [2]. Unfortunately, most developing and under-developing countries are still in the denial stage of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0grief [3,4]. Farmers of such countries take\u00a0changes\u00a0to the\u00a0climate\u00a0as the result of a natural cycle, and hence, they feel less obliged to develop any management\u00a0strategies\u00a0[5]. Therefore, this study aims to assess the farmers\u2019\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0awareness (CCA).<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Perception and awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0are two different terms that, unfortunately, are used interchangeably in the literature.\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Simpson et al. [6] reported that confusion between concepts of CCA and\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0perception has also hindered understanding of the importance of different predictors of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0knowledge. Similarly, Madhuri and Sharma [7] are of the opinion that there is a nuanced relationship between farmers\u2019 perceptions and\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0information and their associated determinants. Awareness is something you know through knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.\u00a0Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a fact, and most developing countries, including Pakistan, are still in the denial stage of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Therefore, awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a better term than\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0fact. On the other hand, perception is the way in which something is regarded, understood or interpreted through the ability to see, hear or become aware of something through the senses. Perceptions can be changed over time, while awareness about a fact does not\u00a0change.<\/p>\n The growing impacts of extreme weather events posted by climatic variations on every field of life have generated rich contributions to the literature on the general public\u2019s CCA in the last few years [8,9]. However, the literature on farmers\u2019 CCA is rather limited and under-researched. Few efforts have been made in this area that is primarily based on farmers\u2019 perceptions of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[1,6,10,11]. Awareness is the first step in any perception being created [7]. The reason behind this is that sometimes farmers do not perceive\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0as it takes time to be visible.\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Maddison [12] finds that farmers hardly detect immediate\u00a0climate\u00a0changes\u00a0as\u00a0changes\u00a0in atmospheric conditions are a long-term process. Therefore,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a slow process that can only be observed with meteorological instruments, and the farmers rely on a short-term experience based on their past memories while reporting\u00a0climate-related information [13]. In such circumstances, it is quite vague to find the farmers\u2019 perception of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, particularly in a dichotomous fashion [14].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Hasan and Kumar [15] find no evidence of whether farmers of Bangladesh perceive\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0properly. Thus, CCA can better address\u00a0climate-related issues and associated\u00a0adaptation\u00a0practices.<\/p>\n There are many theories (e.g., information deficit, nudging, circuit model and binding communication theory) about why CCA does not inspire the kind of behavior\u00a0changes\u00a0it should [8,16,17,18,19]. Providing more or better information is necessary\u00a0for\u00a0communication to be effective in terms of raising awareness and promoting\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The most important question pertaining to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0perception is either do they match reality. The extent to which perceptions match the real-world data on\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0would lead to better communication [7]. This can be performed by combining field and laboratory research with real-world, observed data [17]. Otherwise, effective communication would fail. The perception of people is very important in behavioural\u00a0changes, such as an\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to risk (climate\u00a0change) [9]. When people have a positive attitude about the environment, coupled with strong CCA, it translates to effective\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies\u00a0[20]. People\u2019s CCA becomes more salient and vivid when they perceive and experience\u00a0climate-related hazards [21]. Therefore, the study in hand is designed to check the farmers\u2019 CCA, how they perceive\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and subsequent adaption\u00a0strategies.<\/p>\n Many farmers are aware of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, but the extent to which farmers are aware of climatic vagaries (unpredictable or erratic rainfall and temperature) is unclear [22]. Apparently, this is because of how farmers experience the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, their understanding of the reasons, how they respond, and the costs to them vary [23,24]. Conversely, climatic variations are generally perceived as being unimportant by some farmers, and hence they believe\u00a0changes\u00a0to the\u00a0climate\u00a0were not\u00a0human-induced [25]. Therefore, they feel less motivated to apply coping and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies\u00a0[5]. Some farmers may not notice or care about climatic variations and perceive that\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0are natural processes [26,27].\u00a0For\u00a0example, Hamilton and Keim [28] find an inverse relationship between age and CCA level of respondents in nine U.S. states. Similarly, low education levels, illiteracy and lack of experience may decrease CCA [29,30]. Another study found that farm size significantly increases the CCA of farmers\u2019 and large farmers perceive more climatic shocks as compared to small farmers [31,32].<\/p>\n Farmers who are involved in non-farming activities may have a great deal of climatic awareness.\u00a0For\u00a0instance, if farmers have non-agricultural income, their awareness level may increase [31,33].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Das and Gosh [26] find that CCA knowledge significantly improves by income from non-farming activities. Many farmers take\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0in a religious manner, while others have a scientific perspective [34], and their CCA depends on farmers\u2019 access to\u00a0climate-related information, education level and their local long-term\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0observation [35].<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0knowledge has been considered the main factor\u00a0for\u00a0any\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation\u00a0strategies, particularly in farming systems. Ng\u2019ombe et al. [36] were of the opinion that the success of\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation efforts to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mainly depends on the farmers\u2019 CCA. Farmers\u2019 climatic information provides multiple solutions and practices that can reduce environmental risks [37,38].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, raising CCA is essential\u00a0for\u00a0increasing environmentally-friendly farming practices [39]. It ensures that farmers undertake appropriate management\u00a0strategies\u00a0to mitigate the adverse impacts of climatic vagaries [37]. The CCA empowers farming communities\u00a0for\u00a0sustainable use of natural resources [40,41]. It helps farmers to be actively involved in agri-environmental programs [40,42]. The CCA is imperative to develop a sense of ownership among the farmers [43].<\/p>\n Research reported in the empirical literature suggests a strong association between CCA and its impact on\u00a0adaptation\u00a0[44,45]. How farmers receive knowledge of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0impacts how they handle it. This knowledge would ultimately lead to\u00a0adaptation\u00a0techniques and processes involved in it [44]. On the other hand, any misconception or poor planning about CCA and its associated risks may cause an\u00a0adaptation\u00a0deficit or no\u00a0adaptation, thus exacerbating the inevitable impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[46]. Therefore, knowing the extent of farmers\u2019 CCA is very important in terms of understanding their\u00a0adaptation\u00a0behaviours. This knowledge is also extremely important in shaping national\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation policies. The previous literature has determined farmers\u2019 CCA, yet most of the studies failed to consider the effects of CCA on\u00a0adaptation\u00a0practices [31,47]. Moreover, very little is known about the factors affecting farmers\u2019 CCA.<\/p>\n Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and is among the top ten countries that could be severely affected by\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[48]. The mass community of the country who are very poor is highly susceptible to the negative impacts of climatic variations. The agriculture sector of Pakistan grew by 4.4%, with a 22.7% contribution to GDP and a 37.4% share in the total labour force; thus, any adverse consequence posed by climatic variations might negatively impact the livelihoods of millions of the population [2].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, crop simulation model-based studies reported 21 percent and 40 percent reductions in wheat yields in the case of RCP 8.5\u00a0for\u00a0the 2020s and 2080s, respectively, in various parts of Pakistan. Till now, Pakistan has not devoted much of its efforts to curtailing the emissions from agriculture due to limited awareness and low confidence in monitoring\/estimation of these emissions [2], p. 307. In the countries where rates of CCA are high, particularly the Global North, research has mainly focused on risk perception, opinion or belief,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0perception, awareness and whether these perceptions and awareness correlate with\u00a0adaptation\u00a0[49,50,51,52]. In contrast, in Southeast Asian countries, studies suggest that the perception of meteorological\u00a0change\u00a0is high [1,53,54], but very little is known about CCA and its relation with\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies. Against this backdrop, this research was conducted to assess farmers\u2019 views of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and the factors affecting it in Punjab, Pakistan. It is expected that it would contribute to a deeper understanding of farmers\u2019 CCA and its consistency with\u00a0adaptation. The findings of this study identify the factors that can be used by policymakers and practitioners to support\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0knowledge and agricultural\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to\u00a0climate\u00a0change.<\/p>\n Climate change is a worldwide phenomenon and it is a great concern to all countries as it brings about a warming climate system that affects human behavior. South Africa like other countries is severely affected by climate change. Although attempts are increasingly made to integrate climate change into school curricula, teachers have challenges in preparing and implementing climate change lessons. This study, therefore, seeks to review literature related to the integration of climate change education in the school curriculum to identify the strategies teachers face when integrating climate change education in teaching and learning. The study adopted a literature review approach and a comprehensive electronic search for relevant literature was done using the google search and springer which led to the discovery of research article suitable for the study. The study also aims at suggesting a model that could be used by teachers to integrate climate change in their lessons. This will be done by reviewing the existing literature about climate change education in different countries and its integration in teaching and learning in the classroom.\u00a0<\/p>\n Summary<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is wreaking havoc on all of the world’s countries, and it is a major source of concern\u00a0for\u00a0all of them since it causes a warming\u00a0climate\u00a0system, which has an impact on\u00a0human\u00a0behavior (United Nations 2014 and Apollo & Mbah, 2021).\u00a0Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is wreaking havoc on South Africa, as it is on other countries (Vogel, Schwaibold & Misser, 2015). Although most countries are progressively attempting to integrate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into their school curricula, teachers face difficulties in planning and executing\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education in their courses (Anderson, 2010, Stevenson, Nicholls & Whitehouse, 2017 SezenBarrie, Miller-Rushing & Hufnagel, 2020). Furthermore,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education is not aligned with current scientific and policy approaches. As a result, the purpose of this study was to examine the literature on the integration of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into teaching and learning in the classroom. The study also attempted to propose\u00a0strategies\u00a0that instructors may follow when attempting to incorporate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0into their lessons. A literature evaluation of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education in three nations, including South Africa, was conducted.<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a global issue that all governments are seeking to address to mitigate its consequences on\u00a0humans\u00a0and other living things. Extreme weather and increasing sea levels are both consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0(NASA, 2016). Nation-states have banded together to assess the dangers and consequences of\u00a0human-caused\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The Intergovernmental Panel on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0(IPCC), which represents the majority of countries on the planet, is emphasizing the dangers and consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0(Sezen-Barrie, Miller-Rushing & Hufnagel, 2020). Wildfires, flooding, and environmental\u00a0changes\u00a0appear to be increasing in frequency at an alarming rate (Sizen-Barrie et al., 2020). This suggests that rapid action on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is required. This necessitates governments’ commitment to implement initiatives aimed at raising awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and combatting its consequences on the environment in general and\u00a0human\u00a0life in particular.<\/p>\n Since there appears to be a growing interest in studying\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education and developing programs to integrate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0into environmental and science education curricula (Anderson 2012), the South African education system must adjust its pace to keep up with other countries in its efforts to integrate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0into the school curriculum.<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is having a disruptive effect, and it is happening quicker than any time in the last 2,000 years (Amanchukwu, Amadi-Ali, & Ololube, 2015). Rising levels of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere have warmed the earth, resulting in a variety of effects such as rising sea levels, melting snow and ice, more extreme heat events, fires and drought, and more extreme storms, rainfall, and floods, as previously mentioned (Amanchukwu et al. 2015). The need to act quickly on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0has become a political issue, with the UN Secretary-General (Ban Ki-moon) informing world leaders that the world’s glaciers are melting faster than the\u00a0climate\u00a0negotiations in New York (Amanchukwu et al., 2015).<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is wreaking havoc on South Africa, as it is on the rest of the world (Vogel, Schwaibold & Misser, 2015). The complexity of\u00a0climate\u00a0as an interrelated system, which includes earth and socio-ecological systems, as well as ‘deeper’ thinking, necessitates serious concentrated efforts and tactics, critical research, and reflexive and transformative educational approaches (Vogel et al., 2015).\u00a0For\u00a0the South African government,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is causing multiple stressors, including a large proportion of the population living in abject poverty, food insecurity, biodiversity degradation, and killer diseases such as tuberculosis and\u00a0human\u00a0immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) (Anyanwu, Le Grange & Peter Ziervogel 2015). The South African National\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0Response Policy White Paper advises teaching\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0concepts and related topics at all levels of formal education to address the country’s vulnerability (Department of Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa, 2011). In South Africa, this appears to be a welcome development to dealing with\u00a0climate\u00a0change.<\/p>\n Since\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a universal challenge, and it appears that all governments are willing to embark on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education and integrate it into school curricula, teachers must have up-to-date knowledge of the fundamentals of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0science to present concepts in ways that stimulate learners’ interest and develop a deeper understanding (Anyanwu, Le Grange & Peter Ziervogel, 2015). According to Anyanwu et al., (2015), there is a growing interest in developing-country teachers’ knowledge and awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. This effort is a welcomed\u00a0strategy\u00a0and must be stepped up to get the desired result.<\/p>\n Nwankwo and Unachukwu (2012) found that instructors in Nigeria lacked adequate knowledge of the causes and impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, as well as the necessary techniques\u00a0for\u00a0managing\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0instruction. Science teachers, according to Ekpoh and Ekpoh (2011), have limited knowledge and awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Instructors’ knowledge, attitudes, and comprehension of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0are right to some level in South Africa (Vijovic, 2013) but only a few teachers have a deeper scientific understanding of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0dangers. Furthermore, the majority of the teachers had assumptions regarding effective\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation techniques. There appears to be a scarcity of literature focusing on teachers’\u00a0strategies\u00a0in incorporating\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into their teaching and learning. Thus, the purpose of this study was to look into the\u00a0strategies\u00a0employed by secondary school teachers in South Africa to incorporate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into their lessons as it appears that there are no curriculum aligned pedagogical practices of integrating\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0(Bofferding and Kloser (2015).<\/p>\n Farmers beliefs and concerns about climate change<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n Climate change threatens the existence of humankind on the planet Earth. Owing to its arid climate and poor natural resources base, Saudi Arabia is particularly susceptible to the negative impact of ongoing climate change. Farmers\u2019 understanding of this global phenomenon is extremely important as it may help determine their adaptation behavior. This study was designed to analyze farmers\u2019 beliefs and concerns about climate change as well as their views about adaptation different obstacles. Data were collected from 80 randomly farmers of the Al-Ahsa region in Eastern Province using structured interviews. The findings revealed that farmers believed that climate change is mainly occurring due to anthropogenic activities. Drought, insects, crop diseases, and heat stress were their main concerns regarding adverse impacts of climate change. Lack of knowledge about adaptation practices, and poor government and financial support are perceived as the major obstacles to adaptation. The results of non-parametric analysis identified no significant differences in farmers\u2019 climate change beliefs and concerns, and their views about obstacles to adaptation in relation to their demographic characteristics. Based on the findings, we suggest that capacity building programs should be undertaken by the government for enhancing the adaptive capacity of the farmers as well the provision of financial incentives wherever deemed necessary for promoting the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and building a resilient national food system.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Across the globe,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0has emerged as a serious issue with significant implications\u00a0for\u00a0various domains of\u00a0human\u00a0life [1\u20133]. It poses a serious threat to the economies and societies of the world [4]. Owing to\u00a0changes\u00a0in the\u00a0climate, global warming as well as a\u00a0change\u00a0in precipitation patterns is predicted. By the end of 2100, global average temperatures may rise by 1.4\u20135.8 degree Celsius [5]. Across different regions of the world, shifts in seasonal water availability throughout the year are also likely to be induced [6]. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like flooding and drought may also increase [7\u20139].<\/p>\n Aa a result of\u00a0changes\u00a0in the\u00a0climate, global agricultural production systems and food security are threatened [3,10\u201313]. The productivity of both irrigated and rain-fed agriculture will be considerably affected. Majority of the world\u2019s population is anticipated to experience the potential negative impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. It is anticipated that in many regions, there will be a decrease in crop productivity [14\u201316].\u00a0Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is likely to enhance the impact of both biotic and abiotic stresses on agriculture [17]. According to the WHO projections, around 540\u2013590 million people will be undernourished at a warming of 2 degree Celsius [18].\u00a0Climate-induced water scarcity may cause some parts of the world to lose their up to 6% of their national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [19]. The most serious impacts will be in those regions that are already vulnerable to food insecurity and rural poverty [20].<\/p>\n Saudi Arabia is characterized by an arid\u00a0climate\u00a0[5,21]. In some parts, temperatures can be more than 50 degree Celsius [5]. Rainfall is extremely limited; long-term average precipitation is around 100 mm per annum. However, in Western parts of the Kingdom, rainfall can rise up to 500 mm per annum [5]. Intense and frequent precipitation events are rare [22]. Over the last 50 years, a 1.9 degree Celsius increase in average temperature was observed [23]. The rate of increase was faster (0.72 degrees C per decade) in the dry season as compared to the wet season (0.51 degrees C per decade) [24]. Several studies predict a 2\u20134 degree Celsius increase in the average temperature in the Kingdom by the end of 2100 due to ongoing climatic\u00a0changes\u00a0[25\u201327]. Although significant\u00a0change\u00a0in rainfall has not been observed during last 50 years [23], future precipitation projections however suggest a decrease in rainfall in many parts of Saudi Arabia [27,28]. The Kingdom lacks recurrent rivers and permanent water bodies. Saudi Arabia, along with other countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been classified as water-scarce nations by the United Nations [29]. According to Water Resources Institute, 14 out of 33 countries that are most likely to be water-stressed in 2040 would be in the Middle East, and among them, Saudi Arabia has been ranked at 9th<\/sup>\u00a0position [30]. Water scarcity increases vulnerability of the region to the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[31].<\/p>\n The arid\u00a0climate\u00a0of the Kingdom makes it highly vulnerable to the potential negative impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Variations in temperature and rainfall severely affect food production. Several studies have reported significant impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on agriculture [32\u201334]. Date palm production in the Kingdom is predicted to decline significantly owing to unfavorable climatic conditions [34]. A 3\u20135 degree Celsius rise in temperature would pose serious challenges\u00a0for\u00a0the agriculture and other economic sectors in the Kingdom [21,34]. Reduction in crop yields may range between 5\u201325% by just one-degree Celsius increase in temperature [23]. At 1 and 5 degree Celsius increase in temperature, irrigation water requirements of various crop would increase by 602 and 3,122 million Cusic meters, respectively [35]. Global warming could increase agricultural water demand around 5\u201315% to sustain current levels of agricultural production [26]. As 90% of agriculture in Saudi Arabia is irrigated, yields will be significantly reduced due to water scarcity [36]. About 70% of the annual water use is consumed by the agricultural sector [23]. A\u00a0change\u00a0in abundance and distribution of diurnal desert animals may also happen due to global warming [25].<\/p>\n A decrease in local food production will affect the national food security; food prices at the domestic level will be on rise, and it would also lead to higher food imports, increasing dependency of the Kingdom on other countries\u00a0for\u00a0its food security [37]. Therefore, the Kingdom is serious undertaking\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation measures by employing various institutional options as well as facilitations of different stakeholders\u00a0for\u00a0combating this global problem [23]. Farmers are key stakeholders in this regard as they are not only directly affected by\u00a0climate\u00a0change, but their actions can also contribute towards\u00a0climate\u00a0change.<\/p>\n Globally, there is a consensus among different nations about the ongoing issue of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its underlying causes. This paved the way toward the formulation of an international\u00a0climate\u00a0agreement in 2015 under the aegis of United Nations, commonly known as Paris Agreement. The agreement recognizes\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0as a global problem and therefore encourages all the countries to undertake collective actions to combat this issue by considerably reducing their carbon footprint [38]. At individual level, however, people may hold different beliefs about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its causes. Farmers\u2019\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0beliefs refer to their acceptance and trust on various explanations of ongoing\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Such explanations include the ideas that\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is either happening mainly due to\u00a0human-induced activities or as a natural phenomenon or both. It also includes the ideas that there is insufficient evidence about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0or\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is not happening at all [39,40]. Understanding farmers\u2019 beliefs about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is of considerable importance as they can influence their decisions to adopt certain appropriate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigations measures. Moreover, it can help us predict their\u00a0adaptation\u00a0behavior and can assist in formulating effective extension and outreach initiatives\u00a0for\u00a0developing resilient food production systems [39\u201341]. Farmers\u2019 concerns refer to the feelings of worry about the observed and potential impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0that can negatively affect agriculture and farm income. A huge body of literature is there that documents various observed and potential impacts associated with climatic\u00a0changes\u00a0[3,5,7,10,13,42\u201345]. The main impacts include drought, heat stress, flooding, increased incidence of crop diseases, insects and pests, higher weed infestations and invasive weeds, reduction in soil fertility etc. Farmers also confront various obstacles that can restrict their ability to effectively implement\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation\u00a0strategies. The exact nature and extent of theses may vary from region to region and farmer to farmer [42,46].<\/p>\n Across the globe, many studies attempted to analyze farmers\u2019 views and responses to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0in different countries [47\u201353]. In Saudi Arabia, majority of the research conducted about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its likely impacts during the last decade followed a top-down approach and is attempted to predict the consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on local scale. Only a few studies [41,54] directed targeted the farmers in the Northern region of Saudi Arabia. The present study was intended to fill these gaps and was carried out in the Eastern region that is a rather neglected part of the Kingdom in this regard. The study was carried out to achieve the following research objectives:<\/p>\n At the intersection of mind and climate change<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n Dominant policy approaches have failed to generate action at anywhere near the rate, scale or depth needed to avert climate change and environmental disaster. In particular, they fail to address the need for a fundamental cultural transformation, which involves a collective shift in mindsets (values, beliefs, worldviews and associated inner human capacities). Whilst scholars and practitioners are increasingly calling for more integrative approaches, knowledge on how the link between our mind and the climate crisis can be best addressed in policy responses is still scarce. Our study addresses this gap. Based on a survey and in-depth interviews with high-level policymakers worldwide, we explore how they perceive the intersection of mind and climate change, how it is reflected in current policymaking and how it could be better considered to support transformation. Our findings show, on the one hand, that the mind is perceived as a victim of increasing climate impacts. On the other hand, it is considered a key driver of the crisis, and a barrier to action, to the detriment of both personal and planetary wellbeing. The resultant vicious cycle of mind and climate change is, however, not reflected in mainstream policymaking, which fails to generate more sustainable pathways. At the same time, there are important lessons from other fields (e.g. education, health, the workplace, policy mainstreaming) that provide insights into how to integrate aspects of mind into climate policies. Our results show that systematic integration into policymaking is a key for improving both climate resilience and climate responsiveness across individual, collective, organisational and system levels and indicate the inner human potential and capacities that support related change. We conclude with some policy recommendations and further research that is needed to move from a vicious to a virtuous cycle of mind and climate change that supports personal and planetary wellbeing.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Dominant policy approaches have failed to generate action at anywhere near the rate, scale or depth needed to avert climate change and environmental disaster. In particular, they fail to address the need for a fundamental cultural transformation, which involves a collective shift in mindsets (values, beliefs, worldviews and associated inner human capacities). Whilst scholars and practitioners are increasingly calling for more integrative approaches, knowledge on how the link between our mind and the climate crisis can be best addressed in policy responses is still scarce. Our study addresses this gap. Based on a survey and indepth interviews with high-level policymakers worldwide, we explore how they perceive the intersection of mind and climate change, how it is refected in current policymaking and how it could be better considered to support transformation. Our fndings show, on the one hand, that the mind is perceived as a victim of increasing climate impacts. On the other hand, it is considered a key driver of the crisis, and a barrier to action, to the detriment of both personal and planetary wellbeing. The resultant vicious cycle of mind and climate change is, however, not refected in mainstream policymaking, which fails to generate more sustainable pathways. At the same time, there are important lessons from other felds (e.g. education, health, the workplace, policy mainstreaming) that provide insights into how to integrate aspects of mind into climate policies. Our results show that systematic integration into policymaking is a key for improving both climate resilience and climate responsiveness across individual, collective, organisational and system levels and indicate the inner human potential and capacities that support related change. We conclude with some policy recommendations and further research that is needed to move from a vicious to a virtuous cycle of mind and climate change that supports personal and planetary wellbeing.<\/p>\n A Human Health perspective on Climate Change<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n The purpose of this paper is to identify research needs\u00a0for\u00a0all aspects of the research-to-decision making pathway that will help us understand and mitigate the\u00a0health\u00a0effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, as well as ensure that we choose the healthiest and most efficient approaches to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0endangers\u00a0human\u00a0health, affecting all sectors of society, both domestically and globally. The environmental consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, both those already observed and those that are anticipated, such as sea-level rise,\u00a0changes\u00a0in precipitation resulting in flooding and drought, heat waves, more intense hurricanes and storms, and degraded air quality, will affect\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0both directly and indirectly. Addressing the effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0is especially challenging because both the surrounding environment and the decisions that people make influence\u00a0health.\u00a0For\u00a0example, increases in the frequency and severity of regional heat waves-likely outcomes of\u00a0climate\u00a0change-have the potential to harm a lot of people. Certain adverse\u00a0health\u00a0effects can probably be avoided if decisions made prior to the heat waves result in such things as identification of vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly and ensured access to preventive measures such as air conditioning. This is a simplified illustration; in real-life situations a host of other factors also come into play in determining vulnerability including biological susceptibility, socioeconomic status, cultural competence, and the built environment. In a world of myriad “what if’ scenarios surrounding\u00a0climate\u00a0change, it becomes very complicated to create wise\u00a0health\u00a0policies\u00a0for\u00a0the future because of the uncertainty of predicting environmental\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0decisions. The need\u00a0for\u00a0sound science on which to base such policies becomes more critical than ever.<\/p>\n Recognizing the complexity of this issue, an ad hoc Interagency Working Group on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0and\u00a0Health\u00a0(IWGCCH)2 assembled to develop a white paper on relevant federal research and science needs, including research on mitigation and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies. Examples of mitigation and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0research needs are identified, but a comprehensive discussion of these issues is not included. These research and science needs broadly include basic and applied science, technological innovations and capacities, public\u00a0health\u00a0infrastructure, and communication and education. Consideration is also given to the potential structure of a federal\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0health\u00a0research agenda and the use of scientific research results\u00a0for\u00a0applications and decision making. The purpose of this paper is to identify research critical\u00a0for\u00a0understanding the impact of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0so that we can both mitigate and adapt to the environmental effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0in the healthiest and most efficient ways. Although the group recognizes the global nature of\u00a0climate\u00a0change’s impacts on\u00a0human\u00a0health, the primary focus of this paper is on the situation in the United States.<\/p>\n This report is organized around 11 broad\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0categories likely to be affected by\u00a0climate\u00a0change.3 Categories are arranged in alphabetical order, and no prioritization-for\u00a0instance as to likelihood of occurrence, severity of effects, or depth of current knowledge-is implied. Each category is broken into sections that introduce the topic, explain its relationship to\u00a0climate\u00a0change, and identify the basic and applied research needs of that category, as well as crosscutting issues where relevant. Most investigations of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0health\u00a0have relied on environmental and ecological effects to extrapolate potential\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0impacts; the IWGCCH deliberately chose to emphasize the need\u00a0for\u00a0research on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0outcomes over environmental impacts\u00a0for\u00a0this reason: this approach highlights direct links between\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and federal research priorities that are often disease- or outcome-specific, and a focus on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0outcomes enables a holistic approach to exploring\u00a0climate\u00a0change-related\u00a0health\u00a0impacts. We recognize that the\u00a0health\u00a0consequences identified in this document are not exhaustive, and that because so many\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0effects are prospective, some of the research needs enumerated may be speculative. As more information becomes available, new research needs may be identified and others rejected, but it is our intent that this report may serve as a baseline discussion from which agencies can proceed.<\/p>\n The focus of this study is on transportation and its effect on\u00a0climate\u00a0change. This topic constitutes a new domain with unstudied potential in sustainable transportation to reduce carbon emissions and address\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0globally. Both personal mobility and the transportation of heavy objects have dramatically increased over the last century. This progress has been significantly influenced by the advancement of the internal combustion engine. Engine efficiency has increased, and emissions have decreased significantly. Additional upgrades are needed to comply with local zero-emission regulations and global\u00a0climate\u00a0goals. Rapid renewable energy sources are essential\u00a0for\u00a0producing clean power and the wide-scale use of sustainable fuels. As every nation has a responsibility, developing countries must learn to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels as their economies expand. They should indeed pursue a sustainable path and swiftly convey crucial insights to gain expertise. Technology evaluations should consider the influence of each life cycle stage rather than just the tailpipe emissions. It would be smart to adopt a fact-driven approach, keep various options open, and build on prior accomplishments, as we consider a wide range of diverse uses across the transportation sector. A variety of low-carbon technologies should be pursued rather than placing all the stakes on one [2]. Research that considers sustainable transportation to reduce carbon emissions have a rich background to address the issue of\u00a0climate\u00a0change.\u00a0For\u00a0example, Ref. [1] observed that to create low-carbon transportation and land-use policies to address\u00a0climate\u00a0change, it is essential to understand the factors affecting\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0with the help of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions. They aimed to determine how the built environment (BE) involves CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions connected to commuting and how it affects\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Most studies were conducted in developed countries and evaluated the link between BE and CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions using conventional modeling, considering the direct effects associated with BE. Predicting the overall impact of BE on commuter CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions while accounting\u00a0for\u00a0the mediating role of GHG technologies is a research gap. This study, therefore, looks at both the direct and indirect effects of BE on CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions, connected to commuting, that\u00a0change\u00a0the\u00a0climate.<\/p>\n Several authors found that sustainable development promotion with the help of forests reduced the adverse effects of global warming and possibly addressed\u00a0climate\u00a0change, GHG emission reduction, and improvement in environmental quality, which is sometimes decreased due to transport-related pollution [3,4,5]. The research addressed regional and local sources of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0and other GHG emissions. Globally speaking, 23% of the GHG emissions connected to energy in 2004 were from mobile sources of CO2<\/sub>. In China, mobile sources accounted\u00a0for\u00a028% of all\u00a0human\u00a0caused GHG emissions in 2004 and a whopping 39% of all CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions. Methane (CH4<\/sub>), nitrous oxide (N2<\/sub>O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are driving the Earth\u2019s atmosphere\u2019s warming condition. As part of the evaluation, the CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions\u00a0for\u00a0several megacities, the carbon footprint represented in CO2<\/sub>, and the CO2<\/sub>\u00a0per capita used as a sustainability scale are all examined to control\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[6].<\/p>\n There has been increasing research effort and specialization in\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and transportation factors. An important part of the economy and environment is the transportation industry. However, because of its fast growth, it significantly provides both beneficial and harmful outputs to the economy and the sustainable environment. Thus, it is necessary to assess transportation efficiency in relation to the economy and the sustainable environment. This research contributes to the debate by examining the combined influence of economic and environmental issues, in contrast to other studies that looked at environmental and economic consequences individually. Additionally, the impact of transportation-related\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation technologies is also examined using three outputs and five inputs\u00a0for\u00a0thirty-five nations from 2000 to 2020 [7]. In a nutshell, this paper contributes by examining the predictive impact of transportation and transportation infrastructure on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0climate\u00a0resilience\u00a0for\u00a0the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the mediating role of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0and GHG of new technologies and electric rail vehicles. According to the results, the efficiency levels are significantly influenced by technologies\u00a0for\u00a0reducing\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0in the transportation sector. Additionally, the combined influence of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation technology and environmental research and development has a negative impact on transportation efficiency. Air transportation efficiency is more impacted by\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation technologies than rail and road transportation. According to these findings, governments should concentrate on the policy ramifications\u00a0for\u00a0transportation inputs and the desired and unwanted outcomes [7,8,9]. From the above systematic literature and critical scientific discussion, it has been proven that CO2<\/sub>, a GHG, is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel are burned. The increase in GHGs such as CO2<\/sub>, CH4<\/sub>, N2<\/sub>O, and HFCs is warming the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, which is changing the\u00a0climate\u00a0to become more hazardous. This is caused by transportation and automobiles.<\/p>\n Using sustainable transportation methods is essential to reduce\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0since the transportation industry is one of the most significant contributors to GHG emissions, which is a big problem\u00a0for\u00a0the sustainable environment and\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The fight against\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0depends on new and developing technologies, such as electric rail vehicles and buses, zero-carbon energy sources, and the implementation of policies\u00a0for\u00a0automobile vehicles. In other words, more severe weather events are being brought on by increased emissions and warming temperatures, which in turn are seriously disrupting transportation and infrastructure. In a similar vein,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0could be mitigated if transportation infrastructure is updated and transport vehicles are made to be more\u00a0climate\u00a0resilient, which demands large expenditures on transportation infrastructure. Therefore, this research aims to examine the effect of rail vehicle transport infrastructure on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and offers legislation policy suggestions to persuade people to use more environmentally friendly forms of transportation over their automobiles in China. The remaining portion of this study is organized as follows: Section 2 offers a literature review along with hypotheses, section three gives insights on data and methodology, Section 4 is about results and discussion, while Section 5 concludes the research<\/p>\n Din, A. U., Rahman, I. U., Vega-Mu\u00f1oz, A., Elahi, E., Salazar-Sep\u00falveda, G., Contreras-Barraza, N., & Rakan, R. A. (2023). How sustainable transportation can utilize climate change technologies to mitigate climate change.\u00a0Sustainability,\u00a015<\/em>(12), 9710. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15129710<\/p>\n What are the consequences of a warming\u00a0climate\u00a0for\u00a0the regional systems we rely upon\u00a0for\u00a0our livelihood? To help answer this question, the Washington State legislature passed House Bill 1303 (HB 1303, April 2007), which mandated the preparation of a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on Washington State. HB 1303 specifically requested that the Washington Departments of Community, Trade, and Economic Development (now called the Department of Commerce) and Ecology work with the University of Washington\u00a0Climate\u00a0Impacts Group (in collaboration with Washington State University and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) to produce a comprehensive assessment.<\/p>\n The\u00a0Climate\u00a0Impacts Group formulated the assessments scope and approach in consultation with Washington State to address specific sectoral information needs. This special issue of Climatic\u00a0Change\u00a0contains papers that constituted the heart of the resulting Washington\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0Impacts Assessment (WACCIA). In this overview paper, we describe briefly the rationale and general results of the assessment, along with a discussion of their relative uncertainty. We also provide an overview of cross-cutting issues and research opportunities suggested by the assessment.<\/p>\n Washington State, and the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in general, contains sufficiently diverse\u00a0climate\u00a0and economically important resource sectors that conducting a\u00a0climate\u00a0impacts assessment in this region broadly tests the assumptions and methods used in integrated assessment in North America. The WACCIA was structured around\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0impacts on eight sectors: hydrology and water resources, energy, agriculture, salmon, forests, coasts, urban stormwater infrastructure, and\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0(Fig. 1). It sought to identify how\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0over the next century may affect each of these areas, which are critical to the economic well being and ecosystems of Washington. In addition, the WACCIA addressed the need\u00a0for\u00a0adaptive planning and identified potential\u00a0adaptation\u00a0options within each sector. Regardless of mitigation efforts over the next century,\u00a0adaptation\u00a0will be desirable because of the duration of\u00a0climate\u00a0forcing associated with current emissions (e.g., Solomon et al. 2009). The magnitude of these impacts conceivably could be affected by both mitigation and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0efforts.<\/p>\n The general\u00a0strategy\u00a0employed in the assessment was to use\u00a0climate\u00a0model projections from the IPCC AR4, appropriately downscaled to the domain of Washington State, in conjunction with biophysical models to understand the physical, biological, and\u00a0human\u00a0responses to\u00a0climate\u00a0that will shape Washingtons future over the next century. As such, the assessment is focused primarily on\u00a0climate\u00a0sensitivities and not whole system responses. The WACCIA is the most complete and current evaluation of projected\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0impacts on Washington, providing decision makers and resource managers with information critical to planning\u00a0for\u00a0climate\u00a0change. It is Climatic\u00a0Change\u00a0(2010) 102:927 11 Fig. 1 Overview of sectors and project approach. Each of eight research sectors relied on estimates of projected\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0to evaluate likely impacts. Most sectors relied on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0projections downscaled from GCM simulations archived\u00a0for\u00a0the IPCC AR4, while select sectors relied also on projections from regional\u00a0climate\u00a0model simulations, and the coastal sector relied primarily on estimates of sea level rise. Each sector identified potential\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies\u00a0to help mitigate the effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0changetherefore an example of the\u00a0climate\u00a0services\u00a0strategy\u00a0espoused by Miles et al. (2006) in which regional scientific entities work with stakeholders to define research needs and develop science most useful\u00a0for\u00a0decision making.<\/p>\n Abstract<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0poses a cataclysmic threat to public\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0rights. Global\u00a0health\u00a0is inextricably linked to planetary\u00a0health, with a changing\u00a0climate\u00a0influencing the conditions necessary\u00a0for\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0and safety while undermining a range of\u00a0human\u00a0rights. International legal agreements to mitigate emissions\u2014from the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0(UNFCCC) through the 2015 Paris Agreement and into the 2021 Glasgow\u00a0Climate\u00a0Pact\u2014have faced limitations in ameliorating the public\u00a0health\u00a0threats caused by the unfolding\u00a0climate\u00a0crisis. These inequitable\u00a0health\u00a0threats pose sweeping implications\u00a0for\u00a0health-related\u00a0human\u00a0rights, especially in low- and middle-income countries, with environmental degradation challenging the most fundamental conditions\u00a0for\u00a0human\u00a0life and the individual rights of the most vulnerable populations. As public\u00a0health\u00a0concerns begin to be considered in\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0responses,\u00a0human\u00a0rights can provide a legal path to support international mitigation efforts and\u00a0health\u00a0system\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to address both the direct and indirect public\u00a0health\u00a0impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. This Special Issue of the\u00a0International Journal of Environmental Research and Public\u00a0<\/em>Health\u00a0addresses the dynamic balance between global\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0climate\u00a0justice, bringing together policy analysis and empirical research to examine the public\u00a0health\u00a0threats of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and consider the\u00a0human\u00a0rights advancements necessary to frame policies\u00a0for\u00a0mitigation and\u00a0adaptation.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n In introducing the Special Issue, this editorial examines the\u00a0human\u00a0rights imperative to respond to the public\u00a0health\u00a0impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Part 2 introduces the role of international\u00a0human\u00a0rights law as a foundation\u00a0for\u00a0public\u00a0health\u00a0promotion, chronicling the long evolution of the right to\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0health-related\u00a0human\u00a0rights to advance environmental\u00a0health\u00a0while examining the political neglect of public\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0rights in early\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0debates. This neglect provides the basis in Part 3\u00a0for\u00a0delineating the public\u00a0health\u00a0threats of a changing\u00a0climate\u00a0and the\u00a0human\u00a0rights implications of those threats\u2014including rapidly rising temperatures, pervasive air pollution, extreme weather events, infectious disease emergence, food and nutrition security, water and sanitation systems, and mental\u00a0health\u00a0promotion. With Part 3 ending by analyzing the\u00a0human\u00a0rights foundation\u00a0for\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation and\u00a0health\u00a0system\u00a0adaptation, Part 4 examines budding international efforts under the UNFCCC to mainstream\u00a0human\u00a0rights obligations in the global\u00a0climate\u00a0response. Yet despite evolving recognition of a\u00a0human\u00a0right to a healthy environment, international efforts within the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties have reached an impasse, with states unable to develop the legal obligations necessary to meet the catastrophic\u00a0health\u00a0implications of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The contributors to this Special Issue grapple with this crossroads in the\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0response, with a focus on the disproportionate impacts confronting the most vulnerable populations. Bringing together international policymakers, academic researchers, and youth advocates, this Special Issue provides concrete policy proposals\u00a0for\u00a0future efforts, ensuring that\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is central to the next generation of the\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0rights movement.<\/p>\n References:<\/strong><\/p>\n Azeem, M. I., & Bader, A. A. (2023). Farmers\u2019 beliefs and concerns about climate change, and their adaptation behavior to combat climate change in saudi arabia.\u00a0PLoS One,\u00a018<\/em>(1) doi<\/p>\n Benjamin, M. M., Bustreo, Fet al. Climate change, public health and human rights.\u00a0International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,\u00a019<\/em>(21), 13744. Doi<\/p>\n Din, A. U., Rahman, I. U., et al. How sustainable transportation can utilize climate change technologies to mitigate climate change.\u00a0Sustainability,\u00a015<\/em>(12), 9710. Doi<\/p>\n \u00a0https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/human-health-perspective-on-climate-change-report\/docview\/1627086437\/se-2<\/a><\/p>\n Jacobs, J. D. (1998). Climate change 1995-the science of climate change: Contribution of working group I to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change \/ climate change 1995-impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: Scientific-technical analyses: Contrubution of working group II to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.\u00a0Canadian Geographer,\u00a042<\/em>(1), 105-106. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/climate-change-1995-science-contribution-working\/docview\/228361952\/se-2<\/a><\/p>\n Mavuso, M. P., Khalo, Xet al. STRATEGIES USED BY SECONDARY TEACHERS IN INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION IN THEIR LESSSONS: TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH EDUCATION.\u00a0E-BANGI, Suppl.Special Issue: Human, Nature and Society,\u00a019<\/em>(3), 179-191. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/strategies-used-secondary-teachers-integrating\/docview\/2688126357\/se-2<\/a><\/p>\n Miles, E. L., Elsneret al. Assessing regional impacts and adaptation strategies for climate change: The washington climate change impacts assessment.\u00a0Climatic Change,\u00a0102<\/em>(1-2), 9-27. Doi<\/p>\n Mustafa, G., Bader, A. A., & et al. Linking climate change awareness, climate change perceptions and subsequent adaptation options among farmers.\u00a0Agronomy,\u00a013<\/em>(3), 758. Doi<\/p>\n Portier, C. J., Tart, K. T., Carter et al. A HUMAN HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE: A REPORT OUTLINING THE RESEARCH NEEDS ON THE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.\u00a0Journal of Current Issues in Globalization,\u00a06<\/em>(4), 621-710. Retrieved from<\/p>\n Shoreman-Ouimet, E. (2021). It’s time to (climate) change the way we teach: Addressing anthropogenic climate change in social science classrooms.\u00a0Learning and Teaching,\u00a014<\/em>(2), 76-86. Doi<\/p>\n Wamsler, C., & Bristow, J. (2022). At the intersection of mind and climate change: Integrating inner dimensions of climate change into policymaking and practice.\u00a0Climatic Change,\u00a0173<\/em>(1-2) doi<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-010-9853-2<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-022-03398-9<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280838<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3167\/latiss.2021.140205<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy13030758<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192113744<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15129710<\/p>\n Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n In conclusion, climate change is one of the most pressing and complex challenges of our time. The overwhelming consensus among scientists is that human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases, are driving global temperatures higher and causing a wide range of ecological, economic, and social impacts. While the consequences of climate change are already being felt in the form of extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems, the severity of these impacts can be mitigated through concerted global efforts.<\/p>\n Addressing climate change requires a multi-faceted approach that encompasses a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the transition to renewable and sustainable energy sources, and the implementation of adaptive measures to protect vulnerable communities and ecosystems. Global cooperation and commitment to international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, are essential in this endeavour.<\/p>\n It is essential that individuals, communities, governments, and businesses all play their part in reducing carbon emissions and adopting sustainable practices. The urgency of the climate crisis demands immediate action, but it also presents an opportunity to create a more sustainable and equitable future for all. By working together, we can mitigate the worst impacts of climate change, protect our planet’s fragile ecosystems, and secure a<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0Change\u00a01995 is the second full report of the Intergovernmental Panel on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change, a body established by the World Meteorological Organisation and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to assess information on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its impacts and to consider response\u00a0strategies. Like the original report (IPcc 1990), it will become a standard reference\u00a0for\u00a0researchers and policy makers in\u00a0climate-change-related areas. The report is in three volumes, each the product of an individual Working Group with dozens of authors and hundreds of contributors representative of the international\u00a0climate\u00a0science community. The volumes (hereafter referred to in terms of the working groups) are concerned with: the science of the global\u00a0climate\u00a0system,\u00a0climate\u00a0variability and\u00a0change, and projections of future\u00a0climate\u00a0(WG I); impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on terrestrial and aquatic systems, society,\u00a0health, and the economy, and\u00a0adaptations\u00a0and mitigation options (WG II); policy options, decision making, and cost-benefit analysis (WG Ill). A point of confusion in usage is addressed in the WG I summary, which takes ‘climate\u00a0change’ to mean ‘any\u00a0change\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0over time whether due to natural variability or not’ in contrast to an exclusively anthropogenic causal sense, as appears in the WG II and WG Ill reports and in policy documents such as the United Nations Framework Convention on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/p>\n Most readers will be aware that the iPcc has concluded in this report ‘… that the observed trend in global mean temperature over the past 100 years is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin. More importantly, there is evidence of an emerging pattern of\u00a0climate\u00a0response to forcings by greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols in the observed\u00a0climate\u00a0record. This evidence comes from the geographical, seasonal and vertical patterns of temperature\u00a0change. Taken together, these results point towards a\u00a0human\u00a0influence on global\u00a0climate…’ (WG I, p. 412). Cautiously worded as it is, this conclusion was criticized by some (Singer 1996) as having been taken further\u00a0for\u00a0political motives than was warranted by the science, a charge strongly rebutted by the senior editor (Houghton 1996), among others. A consensus of experts falls short of certitude and, as there are areas of uncertainty in terms of observations, models, predicted impacts, and mitigation, there will continue to be sceptics.<\/p>\n Emphasis in the main conclusion is on the convincing degree of agreement between observation and models of the spatial patterns of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0expected from\u00a0human\u00a0influences, particularly when the effects of anthropogenic aerosols are included. It is evident that late20th century\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is complex: there are large regional differences in magnitude and sign.\u00a0For\u00a0example, the recent cooling observed in the northwest Atlantic is not necessarily inconsistent with ‘global warming’ scenarios. In the ongoing effort to understand this complexity, it seems self-evident that continued monitoring of relevant systems and variables is essential, despite a trend in many countries (including Canada) toward reduced observational effort (WG II, 355).<\/p>\n Notwithstanding the uncertainties, the combined iPcc report is a valuable reference\u00a0for\u00a0research and teaching. There is a wealth of information on the problem of global\u00a0climate\u00a0change, with ample bibliographic support. Not surprisingly, there is some overlap between volumes, particularly I and II; however, the thrust and substance differ according to the objectives of each working group. Related elements of the global system, such as sea level and glaciers, are treated in response and feedback terms in WG I, and in terms of\u00a0change\u00a0and impacts in WG II. One can start in the WG II volume with a subject such as hydrology and learn how the uncertainties of predicting catchment-scale impacts are compounded in downscaling from coarse regional\u00a0climate\u00a0model simulations to the scale of the catchment. Conversely, WG I identifies inadequate treatment of the hydrologic components (soil moisture and runoff) as a major deficiency in the GCMS. This circularity is but one of many problem areas raised but not yet resolved by the research. The report is therefore a rich source of research ideas (‘research needs’ is an explicit section in each chapter of the WG II volume).<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0Change\u00a01995 represents a major stage in an ongoing research, review, and publication effort. This process can be followed on the UNEP Website (http:\/\/ www.unep.ch\/ipcc\/), where the summaries\u00a0for\u00a0policy makers contained in the three volumes are available\u00a0for\u00a0viewing and downloading and there is information about subsequent reports and links to related information sources and bibliographic databases. Given strong indications that `aggregate net damage’ to social and economic systems will ensue from predicted anthropogenic\u00a0change\u00a0in a matter of decades (WG Ill, 10), the subject of these reports will increasingly occupy geographers, regardless of specialization.<\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n This article outlines pedagogical practices and methodologies for increasing student engagement in the classroom and in the broader community on the topic of climate change. The emphases are placed on (1) preliminary assessments of student understanding and emotional responses to the topic of climate change, (2) assignments that enable student groups to assess and increase campus-wide awareness of various aspects of climate change, and (3) public engagement and service-learning opportunities that allow students to expand their impact beyond the local campus and into their broader community. These practices have proven effective, for large format lecture courses as well as smaller seminar-style courses, in encouraging student participation, overcoming apathy and motivating student effort and action far beyond what can be stimulated by traditional classroom assignments and assessments.<\/p>\n Summary<\/strong>:<\/p>\n For years at the large state university where I teach, I watched groups of students present to their peers information and research on specific aspects of climate change. Topics ranging from CO2 emissions to Coral Bleaching, Climate Refugees and Environmental Justice. Each week of each semester as different groups wrapped up their presentation, they would attempt to motivate behaviour changes among their peers. \u2018Here\u2019s what you can do to help\u2019, they exclaimed before rattling off a list almost identical to the one presented the week before and inevitably, the week following: \u2018Recycle, carpool, take shorter showers, walk more, unplug your electronics . . .\u2019. And week after week I would ask myself how we have managed to instil such an incomplete message to our students about the reality of their role in global climate change. Is it important to recycle, carpool, unplug, etc.? Of course it is. Students in my courses are urged to follow the mantra: \u2018Lead by example \u2013 It\u2019s contagious!\u2019 because everything each of us can do matters and models climatefriendly behaviours to those around us. But that being said, how did this generation of undergraduates come to see themselves as the bad guy? The committing party? The generation responsible for solutions? And what must be the cumulative emotional impact of such environmental guilt and grief? Some will misinterpret what I am saying and assume that I am letting these students off the hook or that I am dismissing their motivation for change. On the contrary, I think the message they are receiving is incomplete and their efforts, energy, and aspiration to mitigate climate change are largely being thwarted. As educators, peers, parents, and global citizens, it is pertinent that we allow ourselves and our students to see the extent to which this \u2018rhetoric of recycling\u2019 acts as a blinder that narrows our vision and distracts us from acknowledging the true extent to which greenhouse gas emissions and their impacts are the product of multinational corporations, wealthy conglomerates and private companies; and, just as importantly, distracts us from the ways our consumption habits subsidise corporate pollution and increases their wealth, while we, and our increasingly climate-weary students, shoulder the blame and responsibility for environmental damage and repair. Although many aspects of the science of climate change can be observed and\/or calculated, understanding the root causes of human behaviour and worse yet, how potentially to modify culturally rooted practices that tie notions of success and wealth to material production and consumption are wicked problems without formulaic solutions. Although methods for understanding the causes of climate change can be taught, the absence of a clean solution can leave students, as it can anybody, feeling overwhelmed, impotent and ultimately ambivalent (Anderson 2013). Thus, teaching climate change in the social sciences today is not effective as a presentation of dispassionate acts, models or statistics. In the majority of cases, we are no longer in the business of converting deniers or \u2018sceptics\u2019 into \u2018believers\u2019 (McKeown and Hopkins 2010). Lecturing, examination, and traditional, rote assignments can aid students\u2019 memorisation, but the topic of anthropogenic climate change requires a different level of immediate action and engagement \u2013 not simply because all life is in peril, but because emotionally and intellectually, students desire and respond to opportunities to take effective action in the name of mitigating climate change (Anderson 2013; Ariely et al. 2008; Chalofsky and Krishna 2009; Pink 2011; Seraphin et al. 2019).<\/p>\n Abstract<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a fact, and it has already left negative signs in every field of life. Observational evidence indicated variations in temperature and rainfall reliability in Southeast Asian countries, particularly Pakistan [1]. In addition to existing challenges, the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0are making farm households more vulnerable. It can impact millions of people in the country [2]. Unfortunately, most developing and under-developing countries are still in the denial stage of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0grief [3,4]. Farmers of such countries take\u00a0changes\u00a0to the\u00a0climate\u00a0as the result of a natural cycle, and hence, they feel less obliged to develop any management\u00a0strategies\u00a0[5]. Therefore, this study aims to assess the farmers\u2019\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0awareness (CCA).<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Perception and awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0are two different terms that, unfortunately, are used interchangeably in the literature.\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Simpson et al. [6] reported that confusion between concepts of CCA and\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0perception has also hindered understanding of the importance of different predictors of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0knowledge. Similarly, Madhuri and Sharma [7] are of the opinion that there is a nuanced relationship between farmers\u2019 perceptions and\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0information and their associated determinants. Awareness is something you know through knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.\u00a0Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a fact, and most developing countries, including Pakistan, are still in the denial stage of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Therefore, awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a better term than\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0fact. On the other hand, perception is the way in which something is regarded, understood or interpreted through the ability to see, hear or become aware of something through the senses. Perceptions can be changed over time, while awareness about a fact does not\u00a0change.<\/p>\n The growing impacts of extreme weather events posted by climatic variations on every field of life have generated rich contributions to the literature on the general public\u2019s CCA in the last few years [8,9]. However, the literature on farmers\u2019 CCA is rather limited and under-researched. Few efforts have been made in this area that is primarily based on farmers\u2019 perceptions of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[1,6,10,11]. Awareness is the first step in any perception being created [7]. The reason behind this is that sometimes farmers do not perceive\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0as it takes time to be visible.\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Maddison [12] finds that farmers hardly detect immediate\u00a0climate\u00a0changes\u00a0as\u00a0changes\u00a0in atmospheric conditions are a long-term process. Therefore,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a slow process that can only be observed with meteorological instruments, and the farmers rely on a short-term experience based on their past memories while reporting\u00a0climate-related information [13]. In such circumstances, it is quite vague to find the farmers\u2019 perception of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, particularly in a dichotomous fashion [14].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Hasan and Kumar [15] find no evidence of whether farmers of Bangladesh perceive\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0properly. Thus, CCA can better address\u00a0climate-related issues and associated\u00a0adaptation\u00a0practices.<\/p>\n There are many theories (e.g., information deficit, nudging, circuit model and binding communication theory) about why CCA does not inspire the kind of behavior\u00a0changes\u00a0it should [8,16,17,18,19]. Providing more or better information is necessary\u00a0for\u00a0communication to be effective in terms of raising awareness and promoting\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The most important question pertaining to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0perception is either do they match reality. The extent to which perceptions match the real-world data on\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0would lead to better communication [7]. This can be performed by combining field and laboratory research with real-world, observed data [17]. Otherwise, effective communication would fail. The perception of people is very important in behavioural\u00a0changes, such as an\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to risk (climate\u00a0change) [9]. When people have a positive attitude about the environment, coupled with strong CCA, it translates to effective\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies\u00a0[20]. People\u2019s CCA becomes more salient and vivid when they perceive and experience\u00a0climate-related hazards [21]. Therefore, the study in hand is designed to check the farmers\u2019 CCA, how they perceive\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and subsequent adaption\u00a0strategies.<\/p>\n Many farmers are aware of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, but the extent to which farmers are aware of climatic vagaries (unpredictable or erratic rainfall and temperature) is unclear [22]. Apparently, this is because of how farmers experience the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, their understanding of the reasons, how they respond, and the costs to them vary [23,24]. Conversely, climatic variations are generally perceived as being unimportant by some farmers, and hence they believe\u00a0changes\u00a0to the\u00a0climate\u00a0were not\u00a0human-induced [25]. Therefore, they feel less motivated to apply coping and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies\u00a0[5]. Some farmers may not notice or care about climatic variations and perceive that\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0are natural processes [26,27].\u00a0For\u00a0example, Hamilton and Keim [28] find an inverse relationship between age and CCA level of respondents in nine U.S. states. Similarly, low education levels, illiteracy and lack of experience may decrease CCA [29,30]. Another study found that farm size significantly increases the CCA of farmers\u2019 and large farmers perceive more climatic shocks as compared to small farmers [31,32].<\/p>\n Farmers who are involved in non-farming activities may have a great deal of climatic awareness.\u00a0For\u00a0instance, if farmers have non-agricultural income, their awareness level may increase [31,33].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, Das and Gosh [26] find that CCA knowledge significantly improves by income from non-farming activities. Many farmers take\u00a0changes\u00a0in\u00a0climate\u00a0in a religious manner, while others have a scientific perspective [34], and their CCA depends on farmers\u2019 access to\u00a0climate-related information, education level and their local long-term\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0observation [35].<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0knowledge has been considered the main factor\u00a0for\u00a0any\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation\u00a0strategies, particularly in farming systems. Ng\u2019ombe et al. [36] were of the opinion that the success of\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation efforts to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mainly depends on the farmers\u2019 CCA. Farmers\u2019 climatic information provides multiple solutions and practices that can reduce environmental risks [37,38].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, raising CCA is essential\u00a0for\u00a0increasing environmentally-friendly farming practices [39]. It ensures that farmers undertake appropriate management\u00a0strategies\u00a0to mitigate the adverse impacts of climatic vagaries [37]. The CCA empowers farming communities\u00a0for\u00a0sustainable use of natural resources [40,41]. It helps farmers to be actively involved in agri-environmental programs [40,42]. The CCA is imperative to develop a sense of ownership among the farmers [43].<\/p>\n Research reported in the empirical literature suggests a strong association between CCA and its impact on\u00a0adaptation\u00a0[44,45]. How farmers receive knowledge of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0impacts how they handle it. This knowledge would ultimately lead to\u00a0adaptation\u00a0techniques and processes involved in it [44]. On the other hand, any misconception or poor planning about CCA and its associated risks may cause an\u00a0adaptation\u00a0deficit or no\u00a0adaptation, thus exacerbating the inevitable impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[46]. Therefore, knowing the extent of farmers\u2019 CCA is very important in terms of understanding their\u00a0adaptation\u00a0behaviours. This knowledge is also extremely important in shaping national\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation policies. The previous literature has determined farmers\u2019 CCA, yet most of the studies failed to consider the effects of CCA on\u00a0adaptation\u00a0practices [31,47]. Moreover, very little is known about the factors affecting farmers\u2019 CCA.<\/p>\n Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and is among the top ten countries that could be severely affected by\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[48]. The mass community of the country who are very poor is highly susceptible to the negative impacts of climatic variations. The agriculture sector of Pakistan grew by 4.4%, with a 22.7% contribution to GDP and a 37.4% share in the total labour force; thus, any adverse consequence posed by climatic variations might negatively impact the livelihoods of millions of the population [2].\u00a0For\u00a0instance, crop simulation model-based studies reported 21 percent and 40 percent reductions in wheat yields in the case of RCP 8.5\u00a0for\u00a0the 2020s and 2080s, respectively, in various parts of Pakistan. Till now, Pakistan has not devoted much of its efforts to curtailing the emissions from agriculture due to limited awareness and low confidence in monitoring\/estimation of these emissions [2], p. 307. In the countries where rates of CCA are high, particularly the Global North, research has mainly focused on risk perception, opinion or belief,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0perception, awareness and whether these perceptions and awareness correlate with\u00a0adaptation\u00a0[49,50,51,52]. In contrast, in Southeast Asian countries, studies suggest that the perception of meteorological\u00a0change\u00a0is high [1,53,54], but very little is known about CCA and its relation with\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies. Against this backdrop, this research was conducted to assess farmers\u2019 views of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and the factors affecting it in Punjab, Pakistan. It is expected that it would contribute to a deeper understanding of farmers\u2019 CCA and its consistency with\u00a0adaptation. The findings of this study identify the factors that can be used by policymakers and practitioners to support\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0knowledge and agricultural\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to\u00a0climate\u00a0change.<\/p>\n Climate change is a worldwide phenomenon and it is a great concern to all countries as it brings about a warming climate system that affects human behavior. South Africa like other countries is severely affected by climate change. Although attempts are increasingly made to integrate climate change into school curricula, teachers have challenges in preparing and implementing climate change lessons. This study, therefore, seeks to review literature related to the integration of climate change education in the school curriculum to identify the strategies teachers face when integrating climate change education in teaching and learning. The study adopted a literature review approach and a comprehensive electronic search for relevant literature was done using the google search and springer which led to the discovery of research article suitable for the study. The study also aims at suggesting a model that could be used by teachers to integrate climate change in their lessons. This will be done by reviewing the existing literature about climate change education in different countries and its integration in teaching and learning in the classroom.\u00a0<\/p>\n Summary<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is wreaking havoc on all of the world’s countries, and it is a major source of concern\u00a0for\u00a0all of them since it causes a warming\u00a0climate\u00a0system, which has an impact on\u00a0human\u00a0behavior (United Nations 2014 and Apollo & Mbah, 2021).\u00a0Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is wreaking havoc on South Africa, as it is on other countries (Vogel, Schwaibold & Misser, 2015). Although most countries are progressively attempting to integrate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into their school curricula, teachers face difficulties in planning and executing\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education in their courses (Anderson, 2010, Stevenson, Nicholls & Whitehouse, 2017 SezenBarrie, Miller-Rushing & Hufnagel, 2020). Furthermore,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education is not aligned with current scientific and policy approaches. As a result, the purpose of this study was to examine the literature on the integration of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into teaching and learning in the classroom. The study also attempted to propose\u00a0strategies\u00a0that instructors may follow when attempting to incorporate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0into their lessons. A literature evaluation of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education in three nations, including South Africa, was conducted.<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a global issue that all governments are seeking to address to mitigate its consequences on\u00a0humans\u00a0and other living things. Extreme weather and increasing sea levels are both consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0(NASA, 2016). Nation-states have banded together to assess the dangers and consequences of\u00a0human-caused\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The Intergovernmental Panel on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0(IPCC), which represents the majority of countries on the planet, is emphasizing the dangers and consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0(Sezen-Barrie, Miller-Rushing & Hufnagel, 2020). Wildfires, flooding, and environmental\u00a0changes\u00a0appear to be increasing in frequency at an alarming rate (Sizen-Barrie et al., 2020). This suggests that rapid action on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is required. This necessitates governments’ commitment to implement initiatives aimed at raising awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and combatting its consequences on the environment in general and\u00a0human\u00a0life in particular.<\/p>\n Since there appears to be a growing interest in studying\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education and developing programs to integrate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0into environmental and science education curricula (Anderson 2012), the South African education system must adjust its pace to keep up with other countries in its efforts to integrate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0into the school curriculum.<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is having a disruptive effect, and it is happening quicker than any time in the last 2,000 years (Amanchukwu, Amadi-Ali, & Ololube, 2015). Rising levels of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere have warmed the earth, resulting in a variety of effects such as rising sea levels, melting snow and ice, more extreme heat events, fires and drought, and more extreme storms, rainfall, and floods, as previously mentioned (Amanchukwu et al. 2015). The need to act quickly on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0has become a political issue, with the UN Secretary-General (Ban Ki-moon) informing world leaders that the world’s glaciers are melting faster than the\u00a0climate\u00a0negotiations in New York (Amanchukwu et al., 2015).<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is wreaking havoc on South Africa, as it is on the rest of the world (Vogel, Schwaibold & Misser, 2015). The complexity of\u00a0climate\u00a0as an interrelated system, which includes earth and socio-ecological systems, as well as ‘deeper’ thinking, necessitates serious concentrated efforts and tactics, critical research, and reflexive and transformative educational approaches (Vogel et al., 2015).\u00a0For\u00a0the South African government,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is causing multiple stressors, including a large proportion of the population living in abject poverty, food insecurity, biodiversity degradation, and killer diseases such as tuberculosis and\u00a0human\u00a0immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) (Anyanwu, Le Grange & Peter Ziervogel 2015). The South African National\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0Response Policy White Paper advises teaching\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0concepts and related topics at all levels of formal education to address the country’s vulnerability (Department of Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa, 2011). In South Africa, this appears to be a welcome development to dealing with\u00a0climate\u00a0change.<\/p>\n Since\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is a universal challenge, and it appears that all governments are willing to embark on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education and integrate it into school curricula, teachers must have up-to-date knowledge of the fundamentals of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0science to present concepts in ways that stimulate learners’ interest and develop a deeper understanding (Anyanwu, Le Grange & Peter Ziervogel, 2015). According to Anyanwu et al., (2015), there is a growing interest in developing-country teachers’ knowledge and awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. This effort is a welcomed\u00a0strategy\u00a0and must be stepped up to get the desired result.<\/p>\n Nwankwo and Unachukwu (2012) found that instructors in Nigeria lacked adequate knowledge of the causes and impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, as well as the necessary techniques\u00a0for\u00a0managing\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0instruction. Science teachers, according to Ekpoh and Ekpoh (2011), have limited knowledge and awareness of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Instructors’ knowledge, attitudes, and comprehension of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0are right to some level in South Africa (Vijovic, 2013) but only a few teachers have a deeper scientific understanding of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0dangers. Furthermore, the majority of the teachers had assumptions regarding effective\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation techniques. There appears to be a scarcity of literature focusing on teachers’\u00a0strategies\u00a0in incorporating\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into their teaching and learning. Thus, the purpose of this study was to look into the\u00a0strategies\u00a0employed by secondary school teachers in South Africa to incorporate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0education into their lessons as it appears that there are no curriculum aligned pedagogical practices of integrating\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0(Bofferding and Kloser (2015).<\/p>\n Farmers beliefs and concerns about climate change<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n Climate change threatens the existence of humankind on the planet Earth. Owing to its arid climate and poor natural resources base, Saudi Arabia is particularly susceptible to the negative impact of ongoing climate change. Farmers\u2019 understanding of this global phenomenon is extremely important as it may help determine their adaptation behavior. This study was designed to analyze farmers\u2019 beliefs and concerns about climate change as well as their views about adaptation different obstacles. Data were collected from 80 randomly farmers of the Al-Ahsa region in Eastern Province using structured interviews. The findings revealed that farmers believed that climate change is mainly occurring due to anthropogenic activities. Drought, insects, crop diseases, and heat stress were their main concerns regarding adverse impacts of climate change. Lack of knowledge about adaptation practices, and poor government and financial support are perceived as the major obstacles to adaptation. The results of non-parametric analysis identified no significant differences in farmers\u2019 climate change beliefs and concerns, and their views about obstacles to adaptation in relation to their demographic characteristics. Based on the findings, we suggest that capacity building programs should be undertaken by the government for enhancing the adaptive capacity of the farmers as well the provision of financial incentives wherever deemed necessary for promoting the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and building a resilient national food system.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Across the globe,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0has emerged as a serious issue with significant implications\u00a0for\u00a0various domains of\u00a0human\u00a0life [1\u20133]. It poses a serious threat to the economies and societies of the world [4]. Owing to\u00a0changes\u00a0in the\u00a0climate, global warming as well as a\u00a0change\u00a0in precipitation patterns is predicted. By the end of 2100, global average temperatures may rise by 1.4\u20135.8 degree Celsius [5]. Across different regions of the world, shifts in seasonal water availability throughout the year are also likely to be induced [6]. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like flooding and drought may also increase [7\u20139].<\/p>\n Aa a result of\u00a0changes\u00a0in the\u00a0climate, global agricultural production systems and food security are threatened [3,10\u201313]. The productivity of both irrigated and rain-fed agriculture will be considerably affected. Majority of the world\u2019s population is anticipated to experience the potential negative impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. It is anticipated that in many regions, there will be a decrease in crop productivity [14\u201316].\u00a0Climate\u00a0change\u00a0is likely to enhance the impact of both biotic and abiotic stresses on agriculture [17]. According to the WHO projections, around 540\u2013590 million people will be undernourished at a warming of 2 degree Celsius [18].\u00a0Climate-induced water scarcity may cause some parts of the world to lose their up to 6% of their national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [19]. The most serious impacts will be in those regions that are already vulnerable to food insecurity and rural poverty [20].<\/p>\n Saudi Arabia is characterized by an arid\u00a0climate\u00a0[5,21]. In some parts, temperatures can be more than 50 degree Celsius [5]. Rainfall is extremely limited; long-term average precipitation is around 100 mm per annum. However, in Western parts of the Kingdom, rainfall can rise up to 500 mm per annum [5]. Intense and frequent precipitation events are rare [22]. Over the last 50 years, a 1.9 degree Celsius increase in average temperature was observed [23]. The rate of increase was faster (0.72 degrees C per decade) in the dry season as compared to the wet season (0.51 degrees C per decade) [24]. Several studies predict a 2\u20134 degree Celsius increase in the average temperature in the Kingdom by the end of 2100 due to ongoing climatic\u00a0changes\u00a0[25\u201327]. Although significant\u00a0change\u00a0in rainfall has not been observed during last 50 years [23], future precipitation projections however suggest a decrease in rainfall in many parts of Saudi Arabia [27,28]. The Kingdom lacks recurrent rivers and permanent water bodies. Saudi Arabia, along with other countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been classified as water-scarce nations by the United Nations [29]. According to Water Resources Institute, 14 out of 33 countries that are most likely to be water-stressed in 2040 would be in the Middle East, and among them, Saudi Arabia has been ranked at 9th<\/sup>\u00a0position [30]. Water scarcity increases vulnerability of the region to the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[31].<\/p>\n The arid\u00a0climate\u00a0of the Kingdom makes it highly vulnerable to the potential negative impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Variations in temperature and rainfall severely affect food production. Several studies have reported significant impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on agriculture [32\u201334]. Date palm production in the Kingdom is predicted to decline significantly owing to unfavorable climatic conditions [34]. A 3\u20135 degree Celsius rise in temperature would pose serious challenges\u00a0for\u00a0the agriculture and other economic sectors in the Kingdom [21,34]. Reduction in crop yields may range between 5\u201325% by just one-degree Celsius increase in temperature [23]. At 1 and 5 degree Celsius increase in temperature, irrigation water requirements of various crop would increase by 602 and 3,122 million Cusic meters, respectively [35]. Global warming could increase agricultural water demand around 5\u201315% to sustain current levels of agricultural production [26]. As 90% of agriculture in Saudi Arabia is irrigated, yields will be significantly reduced due to water scarcity [36]. About 70% of the annual water use is consumed by the agricultural sector [23]. A\u00a0change\u00a0in abundance and distribution of diurnal desert animals may also happen due to global warming [25].<\/p>\n A decrease in local food production will affect the national food security; food prices at the domestic level will be on rise, and it would also lead to higher food imports, increasing dependency of the Kingdom on other countries\u00a0for\u00a0its food security [37]. Therefore, the Kingdom is serious undertaking\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation measures by employing various institutional options as well as facilitations of different stakeholders\u00a0for\u00a0combating this global problem [23]. Farmers are key stakeholders in this regard as they are not only directly affected by\u00a0climate\u00a0change, but their actions can also contribute towards\u00a0climate\u00a0change.<\/p>\n Globally, there is a consensus among different nations about the ongoing issue of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its underlying causes. This paved the way toward the formulation of an international\u00a0climate\u00a0agreement in 2015 under the aegis of United Nations, commonly known as Paris Agreement. The agreement recognizes\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0as a global problem and therefore encourages all the countries to undertake collective actions to combat this issue by considerably reducing their carbon footprint [38]. At individual level, however, people may hold different beliefs about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its causes. Farmers\u2019\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0beliefs refer to their acceptance and trust on various explanations of ongoing\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Such explanations include the ideas that\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is either happening mainly due to\u00a0human-induced activities or as a natural phenomenon or both. It also includes the ideas that there is insufficient evidence about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0or\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is not happening at all [39,40]. Understanding farmers\u2019 beliefs about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is of considerable importance as they can influence their decisions to adopt certain appropriate\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigations measures. Moreover, it can help us predict their\u00a0adaptation\u00a0behavior and can assist in formulating effective extension and outreach initiatives\u00a0for\u00a0developing resilient food production systems [39\u201341]. Farmers\u2019 concerns refer to the feelings of worry about the observed and potential impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0that can negatively affect agriculture and farm income. A huge body of literature is there that documents various observed and potential impacts associated with climatic\u00a0changes\u00a0[3,5,7,10,13,42\u201345]. The main impacts include drought, heat stress, flooding, increased incidence of crop diseases, insects and pests, higher weed infestations and invasive weeds, reduction in soil fertility etc. Farmers also confront various obstacles that can restrict their ability to effectively implement\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation\u00a0and mitigation\u00a0strategies. The exact nature and extent of theses may vary from region to region and farmer to farmer [42,46].<\/p>\n Across the globe, many studies attempted to analyze farmers\u2019 views and responses to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0in different countries [47\u201353]. In Saudi Arabia, majority of the research conducted about\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its likely impacts during the last decade followed a top-down approach and is attempted to predict the consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on local scale. Only a few studies [41,54] directed targeted the farmers in the Northern region of Saudi Arabia. The present study was intended to fill these gaps and was carried out in the Eastern region that is a rather neglected part of the Kingdom in this regard. The study was carried out to achieve the following research objectives:<\/p>\n At the intersection of mind and climate change<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n Dominant policy approaches have failed to generate action at anywhere near the rate, scale or depth needed to avert climate change and environmental disaster. In particular, they fail to address the need for a fundamental cultural transformation, which involves a collective shift in mindsets (values, beliefs, worldviews and associated inner human capacities). Whilst scholars and practitioners are increasingly calling for more integrative approaches, knowledge on how the link between our mind and the climate crisis can be best addressed in policy responses is still scarce. Our study addresses this gap. Based on a survey and in-depth interviews with high-level policymakers worldwide, we explore how they perceive the intersection of mind and climate change, how it is reflected in current policymaking and how it could be better considered to support transformation. Our findings show, on the one hand, that the mind is perceived as a victim of increasing climate impacts. On the other hand, it is considered a key driver of the crisis, and a barrier to action, to the detriment of both personal and planetary wellbeing. The resultant vicious cycle of mind and climate change is, however, not reflected in mainstream policymaking, which fails to generate more sustainable pathways. At the same time, there are important lessons from other fields (e.g. education, health, the workplace, policy mainstreaming) that provide insights into how to integrate aspects of mind into climate policies. Our results show that systematic integration into policymaking is a key for improving both climate resilience and climate responsiveness across individual, collective, organisational and system levels and indicate the inner human potential and capacities that support related change. We conclude with some policy recommendations and further research that is needed to move from a vicious to a virtuous cycle of mind and climate change that supports personal and planetary wellbeing.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Dominant policy approaches have failed to generate action at anywhere near the rate, scale or depth needed to avert climate change and environmental disaster. In particular, they fail to address the need for a fundamental cultural transformation, which involves a collective shift in mindsets (values, beliefs, worldviews and associated inner human capacities). Whilst scholars and practitioners are increasingly calling for more integrative approaches, knowledge on how the link between our mind and the climate crisis can be best addressed in policy responses is still scarce. Our study addresses this gap. Based on a survey and indepth interviews with high-level policymakers worldwide, we explore how they perceive the intersection of mind and climate change, how it is refected in current policymaking and how it could be better considered to support transformation. Our fndings show, on the one hand, that the mind is perceived as a victim of increasing climate impacts. On the other hand, it is considered a key driver of the crisis, and a barrier to action, to the detriment of both personal and planetary wellbeing. The resultant vicious cycle of mind and climate change is, however, not refected in mainstream policymaking, which fails to generate more sustainable pathways. At the same time, there are important lessons from other felds (e.g. education, health, the workplace, policy mainstreaming) that provide insights into how to integrate aspects of mind into climate policies. Our results show that systematic integration into policymaking is a key for improving both climate resilience and climate responsiveness across individual, collective, organisational and system levels and indicate the inner human potential and capacities that support related change. We conclude with some policy recommendations and further research that is needed to move from a vicious to a virtuous cycle of mind and climate change that supports personal and planetary wellbeing.<\/p>\n A Human Health perspective on Climate Change<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n The purpose of this paper is to identify research needs\u00a0for\u00a0all aspects of the research-to-decision making pathway that will help us understand and mitigate the\u00a0health\u00a0effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, as well as ensure that we choose the healthiest and most efficient approaches to\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0adaptation.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0endangers\u00a0human\u00a0health, affecting all sectors of society, both domestically and globally. The environmental consequences of\u00a0climate\u00a0change, both those already observed and those that are anticipated, such as sea-level rise,\u00a0changes\u00a0in precipitation resulting in flooding and drought, heat waves, more intense hurricanes and storms, and degraded air quality, will affect\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0both directly and indirectly. Addressing the effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0is especially challenging because both the surrounding environment and the decisions that people make influence\u00a0health.\u00a0For\u00a0example, increases in the frequency and severity of regional heat waves-likely outcomes of\u00a0climate\u00a0change-have the potential to harm a lot of people. Certain adverse\u00a0health\u00a0effects can probably be avoided if decisions made prior to the heat waves result in such things as identification of vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly and ensured access to preventive measures such as air conditioning. This is a simplified illustration; in real-life situations a host of other factors also come into play in determining vulnerability including biological susceptibility, socioeconomic status, cultural competence, and the built environment. In a world of myriad “what if’ scenarios surrounding\u00a0climate\u00a0change, it becomes very complicated to create wise\u00a0health\u00a0policies\u00a0for\u00a0the future because of the uncertainty of predicting environmental\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0decisions. The need\u00a0for\u00a0sound science on which to base such policies becomes more critical than ever.<\/p>\n Recognizing the complexity of this issue, an ad hoc Interagency Working Group on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0and\u00a0Health\u00a0(IWGCCH)2 assembled to develop a white paper on relevant federal research and science needs, including research on mitigation and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies. Examples of mitigation and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0research needs are identified, but a comprehensive discussion of these issues is not included. These research and science needs broadly include basic and applied science, technological innovations and capacities, public\u00a0health\u00a0infrastructure, and communication and education. Consideration is also given to the potential structure of a federal\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0health\u00a0research agenda and the use of scientific research results\u00a0for\u00a0applications and decision making. The purpose of this paper is to identify research critical\u00a0for\u00a0understanding the impact of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0so that we can both mitigate and adapt to the environmental effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0in the healthiest and most efficient ways. Although the group recognizes the global nature of\u00a0climate\u00a0change’s impacts on\u00a0human\u00a0health, the primary focus of this paper is on the situation in the United States.<\/p>\n This report is organized around 11 broad\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0categories likely to be affected by\u00a0climate\u00a0change.3 Categories are arranged in alphabetical order, and no prioritization-for\u00a0instance as to likelihood of occurrence, severity of effects, or depth of current knowledge-is implied. Each category is broken into sections that introduce the topic, explain its relationship to\u00a0climate\u00a0change, and identify the basic and applied research needs of that category, as well as crosscutting issues where relevant. Most investigations of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0health\u00a0have relied on environmental and ecological effects to extrapolate potential\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0impacts; the IWGCCH deliberately chose to emphasize the need\u00a0for\u00a0research on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0outcomes over environmental impacts\u00a0for\u00a0this reason: this approach highlights direct links between\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and federal research priorities that are often disease- or outcome-specific, and a focus on\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0outcomes enables a holistic approach to exploring\u00a0climate\u00a0change-related\u00a0health\u00a0impacts. We recognize that the\u00a0health\u00a0consequences identified in this document are not exhaustive, and that because so many\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0effects are prospective, some of the research needs enumerated may be speculative. As more information becomes available, new research needs may be identified and others rejected, but it is our intent that this report may serve as a baseline discussion from which agencies can proceed.<\/p>\n The focus of this study is on transportation and its effect on\u00a0climate\u00a0change. This topic constitutes a new domain with unstudied potential in sustainable transportation to reduce carbon emissions and address\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0globally. Both personal mobility and the transportation of heavy objects have dramatically increased over the last century. This progress has been significantly influenced by the advancement of the internal combustion engine. Engine efficiency has increased, and emissions have decreased significantly. Additional upgrades are needed to comply with local zero-emission regulations and global\u00a0climate\u00a0goals. Rapid renewable energy sources are essential\u00a0for\u00a0producing clean power and the wide-scale use of sustainable fuels. As every nation has a responsibility, developing countries must learn to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels as their economies expand. They should indeed pursue a sustainable path and swiftly convey crucial insights to gain expertise. Technology evaluations should consider the influence of each life cycle stage rather than just the tailpipe emissions. It would be smart to adopt a fact-driven approach, keep various options open, and build on prior accomplishments, as we consider a wide range of diverse uses across the transportation sector. A variety of low-carbon technologies should be pursued rather than placing all the stakes on one [2]. Research that considers sustainable transportation to reduce carbon emissions have a rich background to address the issue of\u00a0climate\u00a0change.\u00a0For\u00a0example, Ref. [1] observed that to create low-carbon transportation and land-use policies to address\u00a0climate\u00a0change, it is essential to understand the factors affecting\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0with the help of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions. They aimed to determine how the built environment (BE) involves CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions connected to commuting and how it affects\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Most studies were conducted in developed countries and evaluated the link between BE and CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions using conventional modeling, considering the direct effects associated with BE. Predicting the overall impact of BE on commuter CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions while accounting\u00a0for\u00a0the mediating role of GHG technologies is a research gap. This study, therefore, looks at both the direct and indirect effects of BE on CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions, connected to commuting, that\u00a0change\u00a0the\u00a0climate.<\/p>\n Several authors found that sustainable development promotion with the help of forests reduced the adverse effects of global warming and possibly addressed\u00a0climate\u00a0change, GHG emission reduction, and improvement in environmental quality, which is sometimes decreased due to transport-related pollution [3,4,5]. The research addressed regional and local sources of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0and other GHG emissions. Globally speaking, 23% of the GHG emissions connected to energy in 2004 were from mobile sources of CO2<\/sub>. In China, mobile sources accounted\u00a0for\u00a028% of all\u00a0human\u00a0caused GHG emissions in 2004 and a whopping 39% of all CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions. Methane (CH4<\/sub>), nitrous oxide (N2<\/sub>O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are driving the Earth\u2019s atmosphere\u2019s warming condition. As part of the evaluation, the CO2<\/sub>\u00a0emissions\u00a0for\u00a0several megacities, the carbon footprint represented in CO2<\/sub>, and the CO2<\/sub>\u00a0per capita used as a sustainability scale are all examined to control\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0[6].<\/p>\n There has been increasing research effort and specialization in\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and transportation factors. An important part of the economy and environment is the transportation industry. However, because of its fast growth, it significantly provides both beneficial and harmful outputs to the economy and the sustainable environment. Thus, it is necessary to assess transportation efficiency in relation to the economy and the sustainable environment. This research contributes to the debate by examining the combined influence of economic and environmental issues, in contrast to other studies that looked at environmental and economic consequences individually. Additionally, the impact of transportation-related\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation technologies is also examined using three outputs and five inputs\u00a0for\u00a0thirty-five nations from 2000 to 2020 [7]. In a nutshell, this paper contributes by examining the predictive impact of transportation and transportation infrastructure on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and\u00a0climate\u00a0resilience\u00a0for\u00a0the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the mediating role of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0and GHG of new technologies and electric rail vehicles. According to the results, the efficiency levels are significantly influenced by technologies\u00a0for\u00a0reducing\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0in the transportation sector. Additionally, the combined influence of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation technology and environmental research and development has a negative impact on transportation efficiency. Air transportation efficiency is more impacted by\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation technologies than rail and road transportation. According to these findings, governments should concentrate on the policy ramifications\u00a0for\u00a0transportation inputs and the desired and unwanted outcomes [7,8,9]. From the above systematic literature and critical scientific discussion, it has been proven that CO2<\/sub>, a GHG, is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel are burned. The increase in GHGs such as CO2<\/sub>, CH4<\/sub>, N2<\/sub>O, and HFCs is warming the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, which is changing the\u00a0climate\u00a0to become more hazardous. This is caused by transportation and automobiles.<\/p>\n Using sustainable transportation methods is essential to reduce\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0since the transportation industry is one of the most significant contributors to GHG emissions, which is a big problem\u00a0for\u00a0the sustainable environment and\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The fight against\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0depends on new and developing technologies, such as electric rail vehicles and buses, zero-carbon energy sources, and the implementation of policies\u00a0for\u00a0automobile vehicles. In other words, more severe weather events are being brought on by increased emissions and warming temperatures, which in turn are seriously disrupting transportation and infrastructure. In a similar vein,\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0could be mitigated if transportation infrastructure is updated and transport vehicles are made to be more\u00a0climate\u00a0resilient, which demands large expenditures on transportation infrastructure. Therefore, this research aims to examine the effect of rail vehicle transport infrastructure on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and offers legislation policy suggestions to persuade people to use more environmentally friendly forms of transportation over their automobiles in China. The remaining portion of this study is organized as follows: Section 2 offers a literature review along with hypotheses, section three gives insights on data and methodology, Section 4 is about results and discussion, while Section 5 concludes the research<\/p>\n Din, A. U., Rahman, I. U., Vega-Mu\u00f1oz, A., Elahi, E., Salazar-Sep\u00falveda, G., Contreras-Barraza, N., & Rakan, R. A. (2023). How sustainable transportation can utilize climate change technologies to mitigate climate change.\u00a0Sustainability,\u00a015<\/em>(12), 9710. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15129710<\/p>\n What are the consequences of a warming\u00a0climate\u00a0for\u00a0the regional systems we rely upon\u00a0for\u00a0our livelihood? To help answer this question, the Washington State legislature passed House Bill 1303 (HB 1303, April 2007), which mandated the preparation of a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0on Washington State. HB 1303 specifically requested that the Washington Departments of Community, Trade, and Economic Development (now called the Department of Commerce) and Ecology work with the University of Washington\u00a0Climate\u00a0Impacts Group (in collaboration with Washington State University and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) to produce a comprehensive assessment.<\/p>\n The\u00a0Climate\u00a0Impacts Group formulated the assessments scope and approach in consultation with Washington State to address specific sectoral information needs. This special issue of Climatic\u00a0Change\u00a0contains papers that constituted the heart of the resulting Washington\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0Impacts Assessment (WACCIA). In this overview paper, we describe briefly the rationale and general results of the assessment, along with a discussion of their relative uncertainty. We also provide an overview of cross-cutting issues and research opportunities suggested by the assessment.<\/p>\n Washington State, and the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in general, contains sufficiently diverse\u00a0climate\u00a0and economically important resource sectors that conducting a\u00a0climate\u00a0impacts assessment in this region broadly tests the assumptions and methods used in integrated assessment in North America. The WACCIA was structured around\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0impacts on eight sectors: hydrology and water resources, energy, agriculture, salmon, forests, coasts, urban stormwater infrastructure, and\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0(Fig. 1). It sought to identify how\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0over the next century may affect each of these areas, which are critical to the economic well being and ecosystems of Washington. In addition, the WACCIA addressed the need\u00a0for\u00a0adaptive planning and identified potential\u00a0adaptation\u00a0options within each sector. Regardless of mitigation efforts over the next century,\u00a0adaptation\u00a0will be desirable because of the duration of\u00a0climate\u00a0forcing associated with current emissions (e.g., Solomon et al. 2009). The magnitude of these impacts conceivably could be affected by both mitigation and\u00a0adaptation\u00a0efforts.<\/p>\n The general\u00a0strategy\u00a0employed in the assessment was to use\u00a0climate\u00a0model projections from the IPCC AR4, appropriately downscaled to the domain of Washington State, in conjunction with biophysical models to understand the physical, biological, and\u00a0human\u00a0responses to\u00a0climate\u00a0that will shape Washingtons future over the next century. As such, the assessment is focused primarily on\u00a0climate\u00a0sensitivities and not whole system responses. The WACCIA is the most complete and current evaluation of projected\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0impacts on Washington, providing decision makers and resource managers with information critical to planning\u00a0for\u00a0climate\u00a0change. It is Climatic\u00a0Change\u00a0(2010) 102:927 11 Fig. 1 Overview of sectors and project approach. Each of eight research sectors relied on estimates of projected\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0to evaluate likely impacts. Most sectors relied on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0projections downscaled from GCM simulations archived\u00a0for\u00a0the IPCC AR4, while select sectors relied also on projections from regional\u00a0climate\u00a0model simulations, and the coastal sector relied primarily on estimates of sea level rise. Each sector identified potential\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies\u00a0to help mitigate the effects of\u00a0climate\u00a0changetherefore an example of the\u00a0climate\u00a0services\u00a0strategy\u00a0espoused by Miles et al. (2006) in which regional scientific entities work with stakeholders to define research needs and develop science most useful\u00a0for\u00a0decision making.<\/p>\n Abstract<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Climate\u00a0change\u00a0poses a cataclysmic threat to public\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0rights. Global\u00a0health\u00a0is inextricably linked to planetary\u00a0health, with a changing\u00a0climate\u00a0influencing the conditions necessary\u00a0for\u00a0human\u00a0health\u00a0and safety while undermining a range of\u00a0human\u00a0rights. International legal agreements to mitigate emissions\u2014from the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change\u00a0(UNFCCC) through the 2015 Paris Agreement and into the 2021 Glasgow\u00a0Climate\u00a0Pact\u2014have faced limitations in ameliorating the public\u00a0health\u00a0threats caused by the unfolding\u00a0climate\u00a0crisis. These inequitable\u00a0health\u00a0threats pose sweeping implications\u00a0for\u00a0health-related\u00a0human\u00a0rights, especially in low- and middle-income countries, with environmental degradation challenging the most fundamental conditions\u00a0for\u00a0human\u00a0life and the individual rights of the most vulnerable populations. As public\u00a0health\u00a0concerns begin to be considered in\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0responses,\u00a0human\u00a0rights can provide a legal path to support international mitigation efforts and\u00a0health\u00a0system\u00a0adaptation\u00a0to address both the direct and indirect public\u00a0health\u00a0impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. This Special Issue of the\u00a0International Journal of Environmental Research and Public\u00a0<\/em>Health\u00a0addresses the dynamic balance between global\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0climate\u00a0justice, bringing together policy analysis and empirical research to examine the public\u00a0health\u00a0threats of\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and consider the\u00a0human\u00a0rights advancements necessary to frame policies\u00a0for\u00a0mitigation and\u00a0adaptation.<\/p>\n Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n In introducing the Special Issue, this editorial examines the\u00a0human\u00a0rights imperative to respond to the public\u00a0health\u00a0impacts of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. Part 2 introduces the role of international\u00a0human\u00a0rights law as a foundation\u00a0for\u00a0public\u00a0health\u00a0promotion, chronicling the long evolution of the right to\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0health-related\u00a0human\u00a0rights to advance environmental\u00a0health\u00a0while examining the political neglect of public\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0rights in early\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0debates. This neglect provides the basis in Part 3\u00a0for\u00a0delineating the public\u00a0health\u00a0threats of a changing\u00a0climate\u00a0and the\u00a0human\u00a0rights implications of those threats\u2014including rapidly rising temperatures, pervasive air pollution, extreme weather events, infectious disease emergence, food and nutrition security, water and sanitation systems, and mental\u00a0health\u00a0promotion. With Part 3 ending by analyzing the\u00a0human\u00a0rights foundation\u00a0for\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0mitigation and\u00a0health\u00a0system\u00a0adaptation, Part 4 examines budding international efforts under the UNFCCC to mainstream\u00a0human\u00a0rights obligations in the global\u00a0climate\u00a0response. Yet despite evolving recognition of a\u00a0human\u00a0right to a healthy environment, international efforts within the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties have reached an impasse, with states unable to develop the legal obligations necessary to meet the catastrophic\u00a0health\u00a0implications of\u00a0climate\u00a0change. The contributors to this Special Issue grapple with this crossroads in the\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0response, with a focus on the disproportionate impacts confronting the most vulnerable populations. Bringing together international policymakers, academic researchers, and youth advocates, this Special Issue provides concrete policy proposals\u00a0for\u00a0future efforts, ensuring that\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0is central to the next generation of the\u00a0health\u00a0and\u00a0human\u00a0rights movement.<\/p>\n References:<\/strong><\/p>\n Azeem, M. I., & Bader, A. A. (2023). Farmers\u2019 beliefs and concerns about climate change, and their adaptation behavior to combat climate change in saudi arabia.\u00a0PLoS One,\u00a018<\/em>(1) doi<\/p>\n Benjamin, M. M., Bustreo, Fet al. Climate change, public health and human rights.\u00a0International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,\u00a019<\/em>(21), 13744. Doi<\/p>\n Din, A. U., Rahman, I. U., et al. How sustainable transportation can utilize climate change technologies to mitigate climate change.\u00a0Sustainability,\u00a015<\/em>(12), 9710. Doi<\/p>\n \u00a0https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/human-health-perspective-on-climate-change-report\/docview\/1627086437\/se-2<\/a><\/p>\n Jacobs, J. D. (1998). Climate change 1995-the science of climate change: Contribution of working group I to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change \/ climate change 1995-impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: Scientific-technical analyses: Contrubution of working group II to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.\u00a0Canadian Geographer,\u00a042<\/em>(1), 105-106. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/climate-change-1995-science-contribution-working\/docview\/228361952\/se-2<\/a><\/p>\n Mavuso, M. P., Khalo, Xet al. STRATEGIES USED BY SECONDARY TEACHERS IN INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION IN THEIR LESSSONS: TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH EDUCATION.\u00a0E-BANGI, Suppl.Special Issue: Human, Nature and Society,\u00a019<\/em>(3), 179-191. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/strategies-used-secondary-teachers-integrating\/docview\/2688126357\/se-2<\/a><\/p>\n Miles, E. L., Elsneret al. Assessing regional impacts and adaptation strategies for climate change: The washington climate change impacts assessment.\u00a0Climatic Change,\u00a0102<\/em>(1-2), 9-27. Doi<\/p>\n Mustafa, G., Bader, A. A., & et al. Linking climate change awareness, climate change perceptions and subsequent adaptation options among farmers.\u00a0Agronomy,\u00a013<\/em>(3), 758. Doi<\/p>\n Portier, C. J., Tart, K. T., Carter et al. A HUMAN HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE: A REPORT OUTLINING THE RESEARCH NEEDS ON THE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.\u00a0Journal of Current Issues in Globalization,\u00a06<\/em>(4), 621-710. Retrieved from<\/p>\n Shoreman-Ouimet, E. (2021). It’s time to (climate) change the way we teach: Addressing anthropogenic climate change in social science classrooms.\u00a0Learning and Teaching,\u00a014<\/em>(2), 76-86. Doi<\/p>\n Wamsler, C., & Bristow, J. (2022). At the intersection of mind and climate change: Integrating inner dimensions of climate change into policymaking and practice.\u00a0Climatic Change,\u00a0173<\/em>(1-2) doi<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-010-9853-2<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-022-03398-9<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280838<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3167\/latiss.2021.140205<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy13030758<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192113744<\/p>\n :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15129710<\/p>\n Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n In conclusion, climate change is one of the most pressing and complex challenges of our time. The overwhelming consensus among scientists is that human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases, are driving global temperatures higher and causing a wide range of ecological, economic, and social impacts. While the consequences of climate change are already being felt in the form of extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems, the severity of these impacts can be mitigated through concerted global efforts.<\/p>\n Addressing climate change requires a multi-faceted approach that encompasses a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the transition to renewable and sustainable energy sources, and the implementation of adaptive measures to protect vulnerable communities and ecosystems. Global cooperation and commitment to international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, are essential in this endeavour.<\/p>\n It is essential that individuals, communities, governments, and businesses all play their part in reducing carbon emissions and adopting sustainable practices. The urgency of the climate crisis demands immediate action, but it also presents an opportunity to create a more sustainable and equitable future for all. By working together, we can mitigate the worst impacts of climate change, protect our planet’s fragile ecosystems, and secure a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Author: Aleena Shaikh Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health \u00a0 \u00a0 The Science of Climate Change \u00a0 Abstract \u00a0 Climate\u00a0Change\u00a01995 is the second full report of the Intergovernmental Panel on\u00a0Climate\u00a0Change, a body established by the World Meteorological Organisation and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to assess information on\u00a0climate\u00a0change\u00a0and its impacts and to… Continue reading Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":138981,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-events","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18856","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/138981"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18856"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18856\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18857,"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18856\/revisions\/18857"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18856"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18856"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.sachdevajk.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18856"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Linking Climate Change Awareness, Climate Change Perceptions and Subsequent Adaptation Options among Farmers<\/h1>\n
STRATEGIES USED BY SECONDARY TEACHERS IN INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION IN THEIR LESSSONS: TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH EDUCATION<\/h1>\n
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Abstract:<\/h1>\n
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Assessing regional impacts and adaptation strategies for climate change: the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment<\/h1>\n
Abstract:<\/h1>\n
Climate change in the twenty-first century will strongly affect the processes that define natural and human systems. The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment (WACCIA) was intended to identify the nature and effects of climate change on natural and human resources in Washington State over the next century. The assessment focused on eight sectors that were identified as being potentially most climate sensitive: agriculture, energy, salmon, urban stormwater infrastructure, forests, human health, coasts, and water resources. Most of these sectors are sensitive in one way or another to water availability. While water is generally abundant in the state under current climate conditions, its availability is highly variable in space and time, and these variations are expected to change as the climate warms. Here we summarize the results of the WACCIA and identify uncertainties and common mechanisms that relate many of the impacts. We also address cross-sectoral sensitivities, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies.<\/h1>\n
Summary:<\/h1>\n
Climate Change, Public Health and Human Rights<\/h1>\n
Author: Aleena Shaikh<\/h1>\n
Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health<\/h1>\n
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The Science of Climate Change<\/h1>\n
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Abstract<\/h1>\n
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It’s time to (climate) change the way we teach<\/h1>\n
Linking Climate Change Awareness, Climate Change Perceptions and Subsequent Adaptation Options among Farmers<\/h1>\n
STRATEGIES USED BY SECONDARY TEACHERS IN INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION IN THEIR LESSSONS: TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH EDUCATION<\/h1>\n
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Abstract:<\/h1>\n
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Assessing regional impacts and adaptation strategies for climate change: the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment<\/h1>\n
Abstract:<\/h1>\n
Climate change in the twenty-first century will strongly affect the processes that define natural and human systems. The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment (WACCIA) was intended to identify the nature and effects of climate change on natural and human resources in Washington State over the next century. The assessment focused on eight sectors that were identified as being potentially most climate sensitive: agriculture, energy, salmon, urban stormwater infrastructure, forests, human health, coasts, and water resources. Most of these sectors are sensitive in one way or another to water availability. While water is generally abundant in the state under current climate conditions, its availability is highly variable in space and time, and these variations are expected to change as the climate warms. Here we summarize the results of the WACCIA and identify uncertainties and common mechanisms that relate many of the impacts. We also address cross-sectoral sensitivities, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies.<\/h1>\n
Summary:<\/h1>\n
Climate Change, Public Health and Human Rights<\/h1>\n